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Tough構文

英語の形式的統語論において、tough構文 (英語: tough movement) 、あるいは複合形容詞句構造(英語: complex adjectival constructions) とは、遡及不定詞(英語: retroactive infinitive)とよばれる不定詞用法の内の一つであり、次に示す例文のように主節の動詞の構造上の主語が、論理的には従属節の不定詞の目的語となっている構文を指す。

This problem is tough to solve. (この問題を解くのは困難だ)

基本的には難易度あるいは感情、価値判断を示す形容詞の後に不定詞が続く形で表現される。

説明

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  • (1) This problem is tough to solve. (この問題を解くのは困難だ)
  • (2) Chris is easy to please. (クリスを喜ばせるのは簡単だ)

ローゼンバウムはこの現象をtough構文と命名した。この名は、先の(1)のような原型の例が tough という語を含むことに由来する。 先の2例において、this problem は論理的には solve の目的語であり、 Chris は please の目的語である。従って以下のようにパラフレーズ可能である。

  • (1a) It is tough to solve this problem.
  • (2a) It is easy to please Chris.

あるいは

  • (1b) To solve this problem is tough.
  • (2b) To please Chris is easy.

こうした文法構造を取ることが可能な形容詞の例として以下が挙げられる。 amusing, annoying, awkward, bad, beautiful, beneficial, boring, comfortable, confusing, convenient, cumbersome, dangerous, delightful, depressing, desirable, difficult, dull, easy, educational, embarrassing, essential, excellent, exhausting, expensive, fashionable, fine, fun, good, great, hard, horrible, ideal, illegal, important, impossible, impressive, instructive, interesting, irritating, loathsome, necessary, nice, odd, painful, pleasant, pleasurable, rare, risky, safe, simple, strange, tedious, terrible, tiresome, tough, tricky, unpleasant, useful, weird.

また形容詞に限らず、 a pleasure, a breeze, a cinchなどの名詞もこの構造を取る事が可能である。

  • Nureyev is a delight to watch.
  • It is a delight to watch Nureyev.
  • To watch Nureyev is a delight.

主節の動詞として take が用いられる場合もある。

  • This document will take a long time to process.
  • It will take a long time to process this document.
  • To process this document will take a long time.

参考文献

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  • van der Auwera, J. & D. Noël. (2010). Raising: Dutch between English and German. Journal of Germanic Linguistics 23:1-36.
  • Chomsky, N. (1973). Conditions on transformations. In S. Anderson & P. Kiparsky (eds.), A Festschrift for Morris Halle. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Chomsky, N. (1977). On Wh-Movement. In Peter Culicover, Thomas Wasow, and Adrian Akmajian, eds., Formal Syntax. New York: Academic Press, 71-132.
  • Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
  • Flickinger, Dan and Nerbonne, John (1991). Inheritance and complementation: A case study of easy adjectives and related nouns. doi:10.22028/D291-24826. hdl:20.500.11880/24882. https://doi.org/10.22028/D291-24826. 
  • Hicks, G. (2009). Tough-constructions and their derivation. Linguistic Inquiry 40(4):535-566.
  • Lasnik, H. & R. Fiengo (1974). Complement object deletion. Linguistic Inquiry 5:535-571.
  • Mair, Christian (1987). “TOUGH-MOVEMENT IN PRESENT-DAY BRITISH ENGLISH - A CORPUS-BASED STUDY”. Studia Linguistica 41 (1): 59-71. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9582.1987.tb00773.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.1987.tb00773.x. 
  • Rezac, M. (2006). On tough movement. In C. Boeckx (ed.), Minimalist essays (pp. 288-325). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  • Rosenbaum, Peter Steven (1965). The grammar of English predicate complement constructions (Thesis).

関連項目

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Tough構文
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