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必然主義

必然主義(ひつぜんしゅぎ、: necessitarianism)は、「起こりうること」という考えを否定する形而上学的な原理である。必然主義によれば世界のあり方はただ一通りでしかない。必然論宿命論とも。

必然主義は、リバタリアン的な自由意志を否定し、人間の行動は外的・内的に先行する要因によって事前に決定されているとする、ハード決定論を含む一連の原理のうち最も強いものである。ハード決定論者でさえ、世界を構成する因果の連鎖は、先行する出来事が異なっていれば、全体として異なっていたかもしれないと認めるが、必然主義はそれすら認めないため、ハード決定論よりも強硬である。

哲学史上、最も著名な必然主義者はスピノザである。

アンソニー・コリンズ英語版もまた必然主義を擁護したことで知られる。『人間の自由についての探究』(1715年)は必然主義の立場の重要な表明であった。

Century Dictionaryは1889-91年に、必然主義の定義を、意志は自由ではなく、外的に先行する要因や、原因と結果に関する自然法則に支配されるという信念、とした[1][2][3]

脚注

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  1. ^ Century Dictionary, Vol. V, Page 3951, Necess to Necessity. [DjVu file http://www.leoyan.com/century-dictionary.com/05/index05.djvu?djvuopts&page=395] and JPEG file.
  2. ^ See "Peirce's Century Dictionary Definitions" (Eprint) at the Institute for Studies in Pragmaticism (Kenneth Laine Ketner, main editor of the Comprehensive Bibliography mentioned there), and page 68 in the word list PDF file (PDF's page 25).
  3. ^
    • Peirce, C. S. (1892) "The Doctrine of Necessity Examined", The Monist, v. II, n. 3, pp. 321-337, The Open Court Publishing Co., Chicago, IL, April 1892, for the Hegeler Institute. Google Books Eprint. Internet Archive Eprint. Reprinted Collected Papers v. 6, paragraphs 35-65, The Essential Peirce v. 1, pp. 298-311.
    • Carus, Paul (1892), "Mr. Charles S. Peirce's Onslaught on the Doctrine of Necessity" in The Monist, v. 2, n. 4, July, Paul Carus, ed., 560–582, The Open Court Publishing Co., Chicago, IL, for the Hegeler Institute. Google Books Eprint. Internet Archive Eprint.
    • Peirce, C. S. (1893), "Reply to the Necessitarians", The Monist, v. III, n. 4, pp. 526-570, The Open Court Publishing Co., Chicago, IL, July 1893, for the Hegeler Institute. Google Books Eprint. Internet Archive Eprint. Reprinted Collected Papers v. 6, paragraphs 588-618.
    • Carus, Paul (1893), "The Founder of Tychism, His Methods, Philosophy, and Criticisms: In Reply to Mr. Charles S. Peirce" in The Monist, v. 3, n. 4, July, Paul Carus, ed., 571–622, The Open Court Publishing Co., Chicago, IL, for the Hegeler Institute. Google Books Eprint. Internet Archive Eprint. Carus's reply to Peirce's "Reply to the Necessitarians" in the same issue.

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必然主義
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