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哲学の概略

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以下は、哲学の概略、あるいは哲学に関する話題の手引きである。

哲学存在知識理性言語といった物に関わる普遍的・根本的な問題の研究[1][2]。哲学は批判的で、一般的には体系だったアプローチをとり、合理的議論に頼る点で根本的な問題に対する(神秘主義神話芸術のような)他の取り組み方とは区別される[3]。「Philosophy」という言葉はギリシア語で「知を愛すること」を意味する「φιλοσοφία」に由来する[4][5][6]

哲学の中核的な領域

哲学の中核的な領域は:

  • 美学 – 美、芸術、味の性質と、美の創造および美の評価に関する研究
  • 認識論 – 知識と信念の性質・射程の研究
  • 倫理学 – 道徳、善、価値の研究
  • 論理学 – 正しい推論の研究
  • 形而上学 – 存在の状態と真実性の性質に関する研究
    • 存在論 – 存在や実在に関する研究

哲学の主な分野

中核的な領域とは別に、一般に哲学のうちで研究される分野がいくつかある:

哲学の歴史

古代哲学

西洋哲学

東洋哲学

現代哲学

哲学の理論

哲学の主な学派

アナーキズム

分析哲学

大陸哲学

東洋哲学

マルクス思想

哲学的運動

古代

中世

近代

現代

部門ごとの哲学

美学

認識論

倫理学

論理学

形而上学

社会・政治哲学

言語哲学

法哲学

心の哲学

宗教哲学

科学のメタ理論

哲学の概念

哲学的な文学

哲学者

  • 西洋哲学者の時間帯
  • 東洋哲学者の時間帯

関連項目

  • 哲学の重要文献の一覧
  • 哲学の話題の一覧 (index)
  • 科学哲学の記事の一覧
  • 哲学の解かれていない問題の一覧

出典

  1. ^ Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose."
  2. ^ A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."
  3. ^ Anthony Quinton, in T. Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."
  4. ^ Philosophia, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus
  5. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
  6. ^ The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe". Webster's New World Dictionary (Second College ed.) 

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哲学の概略
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