Teater musikal
Teater musikal adalah bentuk teater yang menggabungkan lagu, dialog ucapan, akting, dan tarian. Konten emosionalnya – humor, pathos, cinta, kemarahan – serta ceritanya dikomunikasikan melalui kata-kata, musik, gerakan dan aspek teknis hiburan sebagai satu kesatuan utuh. Meski teater musikal juga mencakup bentuk teater lain seperti opera, hal ini dapat dibedakan dari kepentingan setara terhadap musik jika dibandingkan dengan dialog, gerakan, dan elemen lain karya tersebut. Sejak awal abad ke-20, karya pertunjukan teater musikal umumnya hanya disebut "musikal".
Musikal dipertunjukkan di seluruh dunia. Musikal bisa diadakan di panggung besar, seperti produksi beranggaran besar teater West End dan Broadway di London dan New York City, atau di teater pagar kecil, produksi Off-Broadway atau teater regional, tur, atau kelompok amatir di sekolah, teater dan ruang pertunjukan lain. Selain Britania dan Amerika Serikat, ada berbagai teater musikal di beberapa negara di Eropa, Amerika Latin, Australasia dan Asia.
Meski musik telah menjadi bagian dari penampilan dramatis sejak zaman-zaman kuno, teater musikal modern muncul pada abad ke-19, ditandai dengan karya-karya Gilbert and Sullivan di Britania dan Harrigan and Hart di Amerika Serikat, diikuti berbagai komedi musikal Edward dan karya pengarang Amerika Serikat seperti George M. Cohan. Pada awal abad ke-20, musikal Princess Theatre dan acara cerdas lain seperti Of Thee I Sing adalah tahap artistik yang selangkah di depan revue dan hiburan-hiburan lain yang mendorong munculnya gebrakan baru seperti Show Boat dan Oklahoma!. Sejumlah musikal terkenal dan ikonik sepanjang beberapa dasawarsa meliputi West Side Story, The Fantasticks, Hair, A Chorus Line, Les Misérables, The Phantom of the Opera, Rent, The Producers dan Wicked.
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bentuk terkait
- Perekaman pemain
- Opera Cina
- Tarian klasik India
- Show tunes
- Musikal industri
- Yakshagana (bentuk seni India)
- Umum
- Teater
- Daftar musikal
- Daftar musikal menurut penggubah
- Daftar pertunjukan panjang Broadway
- Produksi teater musikal panjang
- Daftar musikal pemenang Tony Award and Olivier Award
- AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals
Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Morley 1987, p.15.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Allen, Robert C. (c1991). Horrible prettiness: burlesque and American culture. University of North Carolina. hlm. 350. ISBN 978-0-8078-1960-9.
- Bradley, Ian (2005). Oh Joy! Oh Rapture! The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195167007.
- Buelow, George J. (2004). A history of baroque music. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. hlm. 701. ISBN 978-0-253-34365-9.
- Carter, Tim; Butt, John, ed. (2005). The Cambridge history of seventeenth-century music. The Cambridge History of Music. 1. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 591. ISBN 978-0-521-79273-8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-01-12. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-13.
- Everett, William A.; Laird, Paul R., ed. (2002). The Cambridge companion to the musical. Cambridge companions to music. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 310. ISBN 978-0-521-79189-2.
- Flinn, Denny M. (c1997). Musical! : a grand tour : the rise, glory and fall of an American institution. New York: Schirmer Books. hlm. 556. ISBN 978-0-02-864610-7.
- Gokulsing, K. Moti; Dissanayake, Wimal (2004) [1998]. Indian popular cinema : a narrative of cultural change (edisi ke-Revised and updated). Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham. hlm. 161. ISBN 978-1-85856-329-9.
- Hoppin, Richard H., ed. (1978). Anthology of medieval music. Norton introduction to music history. New York, NY: Norton. hlm. 177. ISBN 978-0-393-09080-2.
- Horn, Barbara Lee (1991). The age of Hair: evolution and impact of Broadway’s first rock musical. New York, NY: Greenwood Press. hlm. 166. ISBN 978-0-313-27564-7.
- Jones, John B. (2003). Our Musicals, Ourselves. Hanover: University Press of New England. hlm. 411. ISBN 978-1-58465-311-0.
- Lord, Suzanne (2003). Brinkman, David, ed. Music from the age of Shakespeare : a cultural history. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. hlm. 236. ISBN 978-0-313-31713-2.
- Lubbock, Mark (2002) [1962]. "American musical theatre: an introduction". The Complete Book of Light Opera (edisi ke-1st). London: Putnam. hlm. 753–56.
- Morley, Sheridan (c1987). Spread a little happiness : the first hundred years of the British musical. London: Thames and Hudson. hlm. 224. ISBN 978-0-500-01398-4.
- Parker, Roger, ed. (2001). The Oxford illustrated history of opera. Oxford illustrated histories (edisi ke-illustrated). Oxford University Press. hlm. 541. ISBN 978-0-19-285445-2.
- Shakespeare, William (1998) [First published 1623]. Orgel, Stephen, ed. The tempest. The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford University Press. hlm. 248. ISBN 978-0-19-283414-0.
- Wilmeth, Don B.; Miller, Tice L., ed. (1996). Cambridge guide to American theatre (edisi ke-2nd). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56444-1.
- Wollman, E. L. (2006). The Theater Will Rock: a History of the Rock Musical: From Hair to Hedwig. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472115766.
Bahan bacaan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bauch, Marc. The American Musical. Marburg, Germany: Tectum Verlag, 2003. ISBN 3-8288-8458-X
- Bauch, Marc. Themes and Topics of the American Musical after World War II. Marburg, Germany: Tectum Verlag, 2001. ISBN 3-8288-1141-8
- Bloom, Ken (2004-10-01). Broadway Musicals : The 101 Greatest Shows of All Time. New York, New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 1-57912-390-2.
- Botto, Louis (2002-09-01). Robert Viagas, ed. At This Theatre. Applause Books. ISBN 1-55783-566-7.
- Ganzl, Kurt. The Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre (3 Volumes). New York: Schirmer Books, 2001.
- Kantor, Michael (2004). Broadway: the American musical. New York, New York: Bulfinch Press. ISBN 0-8212-2905-2.
- Mordden, Ethan (1999). Beautiful Mornin': The Broadway Musical in the 1940s. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512851-6.
- Stempel, Larry. Showtime: A History of the Broadway Musical Theater (W.W. Norton, 2010) 826 pages; comprehensive history since the mid-19th century.
- Traubner, Richard. Operetta: A Theatrical History. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1983
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Internet Broadway Database – Cast and production lists, song lists and award lists
- Guidetomusicaltheatre.com – synopses, cast lists, song lists, etc.
- Musicals Diarsipkan 2013-07-26 di Wayback Machine. at the Yahoo! Directory
- Castalbumdb – Musical Cast Album Database
- Early musical theatre site with links to midi files and other information Diarsipkan 2006-07-17 di Wayback Machine.
- Playbill.com
- Aussietheatre.com Australia's leading musical theatre website
- "TIME Magazine" collection of Broadway's evolution Diarsipkan 2011-11-11 di Wayback Machine.
- "A History of Musicals". Theatre & Performance. Victoria and Albert Museum. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-12. Diakses tanggal 2011-03-24.
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