Daftar kota terbesar sepanjang sejarah
Artikel ini mencantumkan kota atau kawasan perkotaan terbesar berdasarkan perkiraan populasi dalam sejarah. Banyak angka yang tidak pasti, terutama pada zaman kuno.
Daftar kota terpadat atau kawasan perkotaan dalam sejarah
[sunting | sunting sumber]Berikut ini adalah tabel dari kota-kota paling padat atau kawasan perkotaan dengan perkiraan populasi dalam sejarah menurut tiga sumber. Nama kota dengan huruf tebal adalah yang disepakati oleh ketiga sumber. Tabel ini tidak berisi data untuk kota-kota di peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus pada periode 5.000 SM hingga 1.000 SM.
Tahun | Morris (2010)[1] | Modelski (2003)[2] | Chandler (1987)[3] | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Populasi | Nama | Lokasi Sekarang |
Populasi | Nama | Lokasi Sekarang |
Populasi | Nama | Lokasi Sekarang | |||||
7000 SM | [4] 1.000 | Beidha | Yordania | [5] 1.000–2.000 | Yerikho | Tepi Barat | |||||||
Basta[6] | Yordania | ||||||||||||
Çatalhöyük | Turki | ||||||||||||
6500 SM | [5][7] 5.000–10.000 | Çatalhöyük | Turki | ||||||||||
6000 SM | [8] 3.000 | Çatalhöyük | Turki | ||||||||||
4000 SM | 5.000 | Uruk | Irak | [5] 4.000 | Eridu | Irak | |||||||
Tel Brak | Suriah | ||||||||||||
3800 hingga 3700 SM |
[9] < 10,000 | Dobrovody | Ukraina | ||||||||||
3700 SM | 6.000–10.000 | Eridu | Irak | ||||||||||
3600 hingga 3500 SM |
[9] < 10.000 | Majdanéc’ke | Ukraina | ||||||||||
[9] < 10.000 | Talianki | Ukraina | |||||||||||
3500 SM | 14.000 | Uruk | Irak | ||||||||||
3300 SM | 40.000 | Uruk | Irak | ||||||||||
3200 SM | 20.000 | Abydos | Mesir | ||||||||||
3100 SM | 20.000 | Memphis | Mesir | ||||||||||
3000 SM | [10] 45.000 | Uruk | Irak | 40.000 | Uruk | Irak | 30.000 | Memphis | Mesir | ||||
2800 SM | 80.000 | Uruk | Irak | Memphis | Mesir | ||||||||
2500 SM | [11] 60.000 | Lagash[12] | Iraq | Memphis | Mesir | ||||||||
[11] 20.000 | Nippur | Irak | |||||||||||
2400 SM | [13] 50.000 | Mari | Suriah | Memphis | Mesir | ||||||||
[13] 40.000 | Umma | Irak | |||||||||||
Girsu[12] | Irak | ||||||||||||
Mohenjo-daro | Pakistan | ||||||||||||
2300 SM | [14] 80.000 | Girsu | Irak | Memphis | Mesir | ||||||||
[14] 50.000 | Mari | Suriah | |||||||||||
2250 SM | > 30.000 | Memphis | Mesir | ||||||||||
2240 SM | Akkad[15] | Irak | |||||||||||
2200 SM | 50.000 | Girsu | Irak | Akkad | Irak | ||||||||
2100 SM | 100.000 | Ur | Irak | Akkad | Irak | ||||||||
2075 SM | 50.000 | Girsu[12] | Irak | ||||||||||
2059 SM | Girsu | Irak | |||||||||||
2030 SM | Ur | Irak | |||||||||||
2000 SM | 60.000 | Memphis | Mesir | [16] 40.000 | Isin | Irak | 65.000 | Ur | Irak | ||||
Larsa | Irak | ||||||||||||
Irak | Girsu | Irak | |||||||||||
1991 SM | Ur | Irak | |||||||||||
1980 SM | Thebes | Mesir | |||||||||||
1900 SM | 40.000 | Isin | Irak | Thebes | Mesir | ||||||||
Larsa | Irak | ||||||||||||
1800 SM | 60,000 | Mari | Suriah | > 25.000 | Thebes | Mesir | |||||||
1770 SM | 60.000 | Babilonia | Irak | ||||||||||
1700 SM | 60.000 | Babilonia | Irak | Babilonia | Irak | ||||||||
1670 SM | Avaris[17] | Mesir | |||||||||||
1650 SM | [18] 100.000 | Avaris | Mesir | ||||||||||
1600 SM | 50.000–100.000 | Avaris[17] | Mesir | 100.000 | Avaris | Mesir | |||||||
1595 SM | Avaris | Mesir | |||||||||||
1580 SM | Avaris | Mesir | |||||||||||
1557 SM | Memphis | Mesir | |||||||||||
1500 SM | 75.000 | Uruk | Irak | 60.000 | Thebes | Mesir | Memphis | Mesir | |||||
Thebes | Mesir | ||||||||||||
1400 SM | 80.000 | Thebes | Mesir | Thebes | Mesir | ||||||||
1375 SM | [18] 100.000 | Thebes | Mesir | ||||||||||
1360 SM | 80.000 | Thebes | Mesir | ||||||||||
1350 SM | Thebes | Mesir | |||||||||||
1300 SM | 120.000 | Yinxu (Anyang) |
Tiongkok | Thebes | Mesir | ||||||||
1205 SM | Memphis[19] | Mesir | |||||||||||
1200 SM | 80.000 | Babilonia | Irak | 160.000 | Pi-Ramses[17] | Mesir | [19] 50.000 | Memphis | Mesir | ||||
Thebes | Mesir | ||||||||||||
1188 SM | Thebes | Mesir | |||||||||||
1184 SM | 120.000 | Thebes | Mesir | ||||||||||
1100 SM | 120.000 | Pi-Ramses | Mesir | Thebes | Mesir | ||||||||
1000 SM | 35.000 | Qiyi (Qi) | Tiongkok | [20] 120.000 | Thebes | Mesir | [21] > 50.000 | Thebes | Mesir | ||||
[20] 100.000 | Haojing (Xi'an)[22] |
Tiongkok | [21] > 50.000 | Haojing (Xi'an)[22] |
Tiongkok | ||||||||
Memphis | Mesir | [21] 50.000 | Chengzhou (Luoyang)[23] |
Tiongkok | |||||||||
Babilonia | Irak | [18] 100.000 | |||||||||||
900 SM | 125.000 | Haojing | Tiongkok | Thebes | Mesir | ||||||||
800 SM | 125.000 | Haojing | Tiongkok | > 50.000 | Thebes | Mesir | |||||||
700 SM | 100.000 | Thebes | Mesir | Thebes | Mesir | ||||||||
Memphis | Mesir | ||||||||||||
Ninewe | Irak | ||||||||||||
Babilonia[24] | Irak | ||||||||||||
Luoyi (Luoyang)[23] |
Tiongkok | ||||||||||||
Linzi | Tiongkok | ||||||||||||
668 SM | [18] 100.000 | Ninewe | Irak | ||||||||||
650 SM | 120.000 | Ninewe | Irak | ||||||||||
612 SM | Babilonia | Irak | |||||||||||
600 SM | 200.000 | Babilonia | Irak | [18] 100.000 | Babilonia | Irak | |||||||
Luoyi | Tiongkok | ||||||||||||
562 SM | 200.000 | Babilonia | Irak | ||||||||||
500 SM | 150.000 | Babilonia | Iraq | [25] 200.000 | Babilonia | Irak | Babilonia | Irak | |||||
Luoyi | Tiongkok | ||||||||||||
Linzi | Tiongkok | ||||||||||||
479 SM | Babilonia | Irak | |||||||||||
460 SM | Babilonia | Irak | |||||||||||
440 SM | Babilonia | Irak | |||||||||||
430 SM | 200.000 | Babilonia | Irak | ||||||||||
400 SM | 320.000 | Xiadu | Tiongkok | Babilonia | Irak | ||||||||
320 SM | > 300.000 | Aleksandria | Mesir | ||||||||||
300 SM | 500.000 | Carthage | Tunisia | Pataliputra (Patna) |
India | ||||||||
220 SM | Pataliputra | India | |||||||||||
206 SM | Pataliputra | India | |||||||||||
200 SM | 300.000 | Aleksandria | Mesir | 600.000 | Aleksandria | Mesir | [26] 350.000 | Pataliputra | India | ||||
400.000 | Chang'an (Xi'an)[22][26] |
Tiongkok | |||||||||||
195 SM | Chang'an | Tiongkok | |||||||||||
190 SM | Chang'an | Tiongkok | |||||||||||
170 SM | Chang'an | Tiongkok | |||||||||||
160 SM | Chang'an | Tiongkok | |||||||||||
100 SM | 1.000.000 | Aleksandria | Mesir | Chang'an | Tiongkok | ||||||||
25 SM | Roma | Italia | |||||||||||
1 M | 1.000.000 | Roma | Italia | 800.000 | Roma | Italia | Roma | Italia | |||||
100 | 1.000.000 | Roma | Italia | 450.000 | Roma | Italia | |||||||
180 | 600.000 | Roma | Italia | ||||||||||
200 | 800.000 | Roma | Italia | 1.200.000 | Roma | Italia | Roma | Italia | |||||
280 | 500.000 | Roma | Italia | ||||||||||
300 | 1.000.000 | Roma | Italia | Roma | Italia | ||||||||
340 | Konstantinopel (Istanbul) |
Turki | |||||||||||
350 | Konstantinopel | Turki | |||||||||||
361 | 300.000 | Konstantinopel | Turki | ||||||||||
400 | 500.000 | Roma | Italia | 800.000 | Roma | Italia | Konstantinopel | Turki | |||||
410 | Konstantinopel | Turki | |||||||||||
450 | Konstantinopel | Turki | |||||||||||
500 | 500.000 | Konstantinopel | Turki | 400.000 | Konstantinopel | Turki | |||||||
Jiankang (Nanjing)[27] |
Tiongkok | ||||||||||||
Luoyang[23] | Tiongkok | ||||||||||||
570 | Ctesiphon[28] | Iraq | |||||||||||
575 | 500.000 | Ctesiphon | Irak | ||||||||||
600 | [29] 600.000 | Daxing (Chang'an)[22] |
Tiongkok | 600.000 | Konstantinopel | Turki | 500.000 | Ctesiphon | Irak | ||||
622 | 500.000 | Ctesiphon | Irak | ||||||||||
637 | 400.000 | Chang'an[22] | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
650 | Chang'an | Tiongkok | |||||||||||
700 | 1.000.000 | Chang'an[22] | Tiongkok | 800.000 | Chang'an | Tiongkok | |||||||
750 | 800.000 | Chang'an | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
775 | 600.000 | Baghdad | Irak | ||||||||||
800 | 1.000.000 | Chang'an | Tiongkok | 800.000 | Chang'an | Tiongkok | 700.000 | Baghdad | Irak | ||||
833 | 900.000 | Baghdad | Irak | ||||||||||
900 | [1] 750.000 | Chang'an | Tiongkok | 900.000 | Baghdad | Irak | 900.000 | Baghdad | Irak | ||||
925 | 1.100.000 | Baghdad | Irak | ||||||||||
932 | 1.100.000 | Baghdad | Irak | ||||||||||
935 | 450.000 | Kordoba | Spanyol | ||||||||||
1000 | 1.000.000 | Kaifeng | Tiongkok | [30] 1.200.000 | Baghdad | Irak | 450.000 | Kordoba | Spanyol | ||||
1013 | 400.000 | Kaifeng | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1050 | 400.000 | Kaifeng | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1071 | 400.000 | Kaifeng | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1100 | 1.200.000 | Baghdad | Irak | 442,000 | Kaifeng | Tiongkok | |||||||
1102 | 442.000 | Kaifeng | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1126 | 420.000 | Kaifeng | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1127 | 200.000 | Konstantinopel | Turki | ||||||||||
1145 | 200.000 | Marw | Turkmenistan | ||||||||||
1150 | 200.000 | Marw | Turkmenistan | ||||||||||
1153 | 200.000 | Konstantinopel | Turki | ||||||||||
1160 | 200.000 | Konstantinopel | Turki | ||||||||||
1170 | 200.000 | Fez | Maroko | ||||||||||
1180 | 200.000 | Hangzhou | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1200 | [31] 1.000.000 | Hangzhou | Tiongkok | 1.000.000 | Baghdad | Irak | 255.000 | Hangzhou | Tiongkok | ||||
Hangzhou | Tiongkok | ||||||||||||
Kaifeng | Tiongkok | ||||||||||||
1210 | 600.000 | Gurganj | Turkmenistan | 500.000 | Marw | Turkmenistan | 260.000 | Hangzhou | Tiongkok | ||||
1250 | 320.000 | Hangzhou | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1273 | 432.000 | Hangzhou | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1300 | 1.500.000 | Hangzhou | Tiongkok | 432.000 | Hangzhou | Tiongkok | |||||||
1315 | 432.000 | Kairo | Mesir | ||||||||||
1325 | 500.000 | Kairo | Mesir | ||||||||||
1348 | 432.000 | Hangzhou | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1350 | 432.000 | Hangzhou | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1358 | Jinling (Nanjing) |
Tiongkok | |||||||||||
1391 | 473.000 | Jinling | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1400 | 500.000 | Jinling (Nanjing) |
Tiongkok | 1.000.000 | Jinling (Nanjing) |
Tiongkok | 487.000 | Jinling | Tiongkok | ||||
1420 | Jinling | Tiongkok | |||||||||||
1425 | Beijing | Tiongkok | |||||||||||
1450 | 600.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1492 | 669.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1500 | 600.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | 1.000.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | 672.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | ||||
1550 | 690.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1575 | 706.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1579 | 706.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1600 | 700.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | 1.000.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | 706.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | ||||
1635 | Beijing | Tiongkok | |||||||||||
1637 | Beijing | Tiongkok | |||||||||||
1650 | 700.000 | Konstantinopel[32] | Turki | ||||||||||
1670 | Konstantinopel | Turki | |||||||||||
1675 | 750.000 | Konstantinopel | Turki | ||||||||||
1684 | Konstantinopel | Turki | |||||||||||
1685 | Konstantinopel | Turki | |||||||||||
1690 | 700-800.000 | Konstantinopel | Turki | ||||||||||
1700 | 650.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | 1.000.000 | Ayutthaya | Thailand | 700.000 | Konstantinopel | Turki | ||||
1710 | Beijing | Tiongkok | |||||||||||
1720 | Edo[33] | Jepang | Beijing | Tiongkok | |||||||||
1750 | 900.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1775 | 1.000.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1800 | 1.100.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | 1.100.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | 1.100.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | ||||
1821 | 1.300.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1825 | 1.350.000 | Beijing | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
1.335.000 | London (kawasan urban) |
Britania Raya | |||||||||||
1841 | 1.948.000 | London | Britania Raya | ||||||||||
1850 | 2.320.000 | London | Britania Raya | ||||||||||
1851 | 2.362.000 | London | Britania Raya | ||||||||||
1861 | 2.803.000 | London | Britania Raya | ||||||||||
1875 | 4.241.000 | London | Britania Raya | ||||||||||
1900 | 6.600.000 | London | Britania Raya | 6.500.000 | London | Britania Raya | 6.480.000 | London | Britania Raya | ||||
1914 | 7.419.000 | London | Britania Raya | ||||||||||
1925 | 7.774.000 | New York (kawasan urban) |
Amerika Serikat | ||||||||||
1936 | 10.150.000 | New York | Amerika Serikat | ||||||||||
1950 | 12.463.000 | New York | Amerika Serikat | ||||||||||
1962 | |||||||||||||
1965 | 15.000.000 | Tokyo (kawasan urban) |
Jepang | ||||||||||
1975 | 20.500.000 | Tokyo | Jepang | ||||||||||
2000 | [34] 26.400.000 | Tokyo | Jepang |
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b (a) [1] Diarsipkan 2011-07-26 di Wayback Machine.Ian Morris, Social Development, Stanford University, October 2010. This contains supporting materials for the following book: (b) Ian Morris, Why the West Rules—For Now, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010. ISBN 978-0-374-29002-3.
- ^ George Modelski, World Cities: –3000 to 2000, Washington DC: FAROS 2000, 2003. ISBN 0-9676230-1-4. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of former estimates can be read at Evolutionary World Politics Homepage Diarsipkan 2008-12-28 di Wayback Machine.
- ^ Tertius Chandler, Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census, Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1987. ISBN 0-88946-207-0. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of Chandler's estimates are summarized or modified at The Institute for Research on World-Systems; Largest Cities Through History by Matt T. Rosenberg Diarsipkan 2016-08-18 di Wayback Machine.; or The Etext Archives Diarsipkan 2008-02-11 di Wayback Machine.. Chandler defined a city as a continuously built-up area (urban) with suburbs but without farmland inside the municipality.
- ^ The date that the population of Beidha, Basta and Çatalhöyük is estimated to be 1,000 is given as 7500 BC in Morris's published text (p. 632).
- ^ a b c Suggested to be the largest cities in Modelski's text, but not given constantly prior to 3700 BC (p. 3, p. 17, and p. 20). No entry is suggested for the Halafian and Ubaid periods.
- ^ A Pre-Pottery Neolithic B settlement located ca. 25 km north of Petra.
- ^ The rough year that Çatalhöyük was supposed to be the largest is not given in Modelski's text which cites Ian Hodder's report (p. 3 and p. 17). The year 6500 BC is based on the recent report by Hodder (Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995-99 Seasons (Çatalhöyük Research Project), Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2005.) where less inhabitants (1,500 to 2,000) are suggested by Craig Cessford (pp. 323-326).
- ^ The date that the population of Çatalhöyük is estimated to be 3,000 is given as 6500 BC in Morris's published text (p. 632).
- ^ a b c Suggested to be housing up to 10,000 people in Modelski's text (pp. 24–25), but only Eridu is listed as the largest city in Table 2 (a) (p. 22). The estimate is based on the author's personal communication with Mikhail Videiko, Institute of Archaeology, Kiev, October 2002 (p. 75). The previous estimates by S. I. Kruts for Maydanets and Talianki are 8,000 (1,575 housed within 270 ha) and 14,000 (2,700 houses within 450 ha), respectively (Pitskhelauri, K. N., and Chernykh, E. N. Eds., Kavkaz v sisteme paleometallicheskikh kultur Evrazii, Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1989, pp. 146–156.).
- ^ Suggested to be more than 45.000 in Morris's published text (p. 632).
- ^ a b According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), Nippur shares the top with Lagash with 60,000 inhabitants in 2500 BC, though Table 2 (b) suggests that the population of Nippur is 20,000, the value of which is even lower than those estimated for Mari (50,000); Uruk and Umma (40,000); Memphis, Ebla, Urkesh, and Shuruppak (30,000) (p. 28).
- ^ a b c Girsu (Telloh), the later capital of the state of Lagash, was situated 25 km NW of Lagash (Tell al Hiba), though both sites are frequently referred as Lagash.
- ^ a b According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), Girsu shares the top with Mari with 50,000 inhabitants, though Table 2 (b) suggests that the population of Girsu as well as Umma and Mohenjo-daro is 40,000 (p. 28).
- ^ a b According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), the population of Girsu for 2300 BC is estimated as 50,000, which is less than that appears in Table 2 (b) and is the same value with that estimated for Mari (p. 28).
- ^ Location uncertain. Maybe west of Sippar.
- ^ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218) excludes Girsu for 2000 BC, though Table 2 (b) lists Girsu with 40,000 inhabitants (p. 28), sharing the top with Isin and Larsa.
- ^ a b c The palace of Pi-Ramses (Qantir) was founded 2 km NE of Avaris (or Hawaret, Tell el-Dab'a), the residential area of which overlaps.
- ^ a b c d e When the city first passed 100,000, suggested by Richard Forstall (pp. 541-542).
- ^ a b According to Chandler's list of the largest cities (pp. 523-527), Thebes was the largest for 1400-668 BC, but Memphis was also supposed to be somewhat larger during 1205-1188 (p. 94, p. 460).
- ^ a b Modelski's list of the world's largest cities treats Thebes and Haojing as the top cities with 100,000 inhabitants (p. 218), though the same list on the next page (p. 219) as well as Table 2 (c) place the population of Thebes at 120,000, while that for Haojing as well as Memphis and Babylon at 100,000 (pp. 33-34).
- ^ a b c Chandler listed Thebes, Haojing, and Chengzhou (Luoyang) as the largest, second-largest, and third-largest cities (p. 460), though Luoyang is supposed to pass 100,000 in 1000 BC (p. 541).
- ^ a b c d e f Haojing, which formed the capital of Western Zhou together with Fenghao, was located 15 km SW of Chang'an, the capital of Tang Dynasty as well as the present center of Xi'an. Han capital was located 5 km NW of the center of modern Xi'an. All these sites are now within the sub-provincial city of Xi'an.
- ^ a b c Chengzhou was founded on the east side of the Luo river with Wangzheng on the west side. Both cities were later annexed to form Luoyi (Luoyang), the center of which has often shifted.
- ^ According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219), the population of Babylon for 700 BC is estimated as 120,000, which makes Babylon the only city to appear as the largest, while Table 8 (a) shows that Babylon has 100,000 inhabitants in 700 BC (p. 55).
- ^ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219) excludes Linzi for 500 BC, though Table 5 (a) lists Linzi with 200,000 inhabitants (p. 41).
- ^ a b According to Chandler's list of the largest cities (pp. 523-527), Pataliputra was the largest for 300 to 195 BC, but Chang'an is listed as the largest already in 200 BC (p. 462).
- ^ Based on historical documents, in Southern Liang dynasty, Jiankang (Nanjing) had 280,000 registered households, and assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents. (Shufen Liu, "Jiankang and the Commercial Empire of the Southern Dynasties", in Pearce, Spiro, Ebrey eds. Culture and Power, 2001:35.)
- ^ Seleucia was founded on the right bank of Tigris opposite to Ctesiphon. Figures for Seleucia include the population of Ctesiphon as a suburb during the Seleucid era and vice versa during the Sassanid era.
- ^ The population of Daxing (Chang'an) in AD 600 is estimated at 250,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 600,000.
- ^ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219) estimates the population of Baghdad for AD 1000 as 1,500,000, which is much higher than the value listed in Table 8 (b) (1,200,000 inhabitants) (p. 55).
- ^ The population of Hangzhou in AD 1200 is estimated at 800,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 1,000,000.
- ^ Termasuk Üsküdar di Asia Minor sebagai daerah pinggiran kota.
- ^ According to Morris (p. 483), Edo grew into the world's biggest city by 1720, but the estimated population for Edo is not given.
- ^ The population of Tokyo in AD 2000 is estimated at 26,7000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 26,400,000.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Top Ten Cities Through History, animation showing the ten largest cities throughout history according to Chandler
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.