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Biologi tanah

Siklus nitrogen di dalam tanah amat bergantung pada organisme tanah

Biologi tanah adalah sebuah studi mengenai aktivitas mikroba dan fauna beserta ekologinya di dalam tanah. Fauna tanah, biota tanah, atau edafon adalah istilah yang biasanya digunakan untuk menyebut organisme yang menghabiskan sebagian besar siklus hidupnya di dalam tanah atau sedimen organik di atasnya. Fauna tanah mencakup cacing tanah, nematoda, fungi, bakteri, dan berbagai arthropoda. Dekomposisi materi organik oleh organimse memiliki pengaruh yang besar terhadap tingkat kesuburan dan struktur tanah sehingga biologi tanah berperan penting dalam menentukan karakteristik tanah.

Sebagian besar keanekaragaman hayati yang berupa organisme mikro berada di dalam atau dekat dengan permukaan tanah. Setidaknya dari eukaryota animalia hingga prokaryota menghuni ekologi tanah.[1] Hubungan antara mikroorganisme tanah dan fungsi tanah cukup rumit dan telah menjadi subjek di berbagai aktivitas pengamatan. Rantai makanan di dalamnya berperan penting dalam siklus nutrisi, di mana sumber energi tidak selalu berupa material organik tetapi juga mineral anorganik yang diawali oleh bakteri kemosintetik dan nitrogen oleh bakteri nitrifikasi, dan berperan dalam siklus biogeokimia tanah.

Klasifikasi biota tanah

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Jenis-jenis biota tanah mencakup:

Fiksasi nitrogen

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Proses pengikatan nitrogen adalah aktivitas menambah kadar nitrogen di dalam tanah oleh bakteri. Contoh bakteri yang melakukan pengikatan nitrogen yaitu Azotobacter dan Rhizobia. Bakteri ini membentuk simbiosis terutama dengan tumbuhan legum. Nitrogen yang diikat berasal dari atmosfer dan mengubahnya menjadi senyawa organik yang mengandung nitrogen.[2]

Lihat pula

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Referensi

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  1. ^ (Prancis)Dominique Soltner, Les Bases de la Production Végetal, tome I: Le Sol et son amélioration, Collection Sciences et Téchniques Agricoles, 2003
  2. ^ Nitrogen cycle diagram: http://www.epa.gov/maia/html/nitrogen.html (broken)

Bahan bacaan terkait

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  • Alexander, 1977, Introduction to Soil Microbiology, 2nd edition, John Wiley
  • Alexander, 1994, Biodegradation and Bioremediation, Academic Press
  • Bardgett, R.D., 2005, The Biology of Soil: A Community and Ecosystem Approach, Oxford University Press
  • Burges, A., and Raw, F., 1967, Soil Biology: Academic Press
  • Coleman D.C. et al., 2004, Fundamentals of Soil Ecology, 2nd edition, Academic Press
  • Coyne, 1999, Soil Microbiology: An Exploratory Approach, Delmar
  • Doran, J.W., D.C. Coleman, D.F. Bezdicek and B.A. Stewart. 1994. Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication Number 35, ASA, Madison Wis.
  • Paul, P.A. and F.E. Clark. 1996, Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry, 2nd edition, Academic Press
  • Richards, 1987, The Microbiology of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Longman Scientific & Technical
  • Sylvia et al., 1998, Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology, Prentice Hall
  • Soil and Water Conservation Society, 2000, Soil Biology Primer.
  • Tate, 2000, Soil Microbiology, 2nd edition, John Wiley
  • Comis, Don (September 2002). "Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon". Agricultural Research. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service: 4–7. 
  • USDA-NRCS - Soil Biology URL accessed on 2006-04-11
  • van Elsas et al., 1997, Modern Soil Microbiology, Marcel Dekker
  • Wood, 1995, Environmental Soil Biology, 2nd edition, Blackie A & P

Pranala luar

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Biologi tanah
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