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Lingua lakota

Lakota
Lakȟótiyapi
Pronuncia:[lakotijapi]
Falado en: Estados Unidos de América Estados Unidos
Canadá (algúns falantes)
Rexións: Dacota do Norte e Dacota do Sur, norte de Nebrasca, sur de Minnesota e norte de Montana
Total de falantes: 2 100, 29% da poboación étnica (1997)
Familia: Síux
 Síux occidental
  Síux do val do Mississippi
   Dakota
    Síux
     Lakota
Escrita: Alfabeto Curley[1]
Códigos de lingua
ISO 639-1: --
ISO 639-2: ---
ISO 639-3: lkt
Mapa
Status

O lakota está clasificado como en perigo crítico polo Libro Vermello das Linguas Ameazadas da UNESCO[2]

A lingua lakota (tamén chamada lakhota, teton, teton sioux) é unha lingua síux falada pola tribo síux dos lakota. É considerada unha lingua separada, malia que é mutuamente intelixible con outras dúas linguas (cf. dakota occidental e oriental), e é considerada por moitos lingüistas unha das tres variedades da lingua síux. A lingua lakota é o idioma dunha das maiores comunidades lingüísticas nativo americanas dos Estados Unidos, con aproximadamente 6.000 falantes. A maioría deles viven nos estados das grandes chairas, en Dacota do Norte e Dacota do Sur.[3]

Junior Garcia, un activista e mestre da Nación Lakota, falando a lingua.

Foi usada por primeira vez na escritura por misioneiros cara ao ano 1840, e dende entón evolucionou para reflectir as necesidades e usos contemporáneos.

Fonoloxía

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O lakota ten cinco vogais orais, /i e a o u/, e tres vogais nasais, /ĩ ã ũ/ (foneticamente [ɪ̃ ə̃ ʊ̃]). O /e/ e o /o/ son máis abertos que as vogais cardinais correspondentes, máis achegado ó [ɛ] e ó [ɔ]. Ortograficamente, as vogais nasais son escritas ⟨ƞ⟩, ⟨ŋ⟩ ou ⟨n⟩; historicamente, eran escritos con ogonek, ⟨į ą ų⟩.[4]

Anterior Central Posterior
Pechada oral i u
nasal
Media e o
Aberta oral a
nasal

Consoantes

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Bilabial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Uvular[5][6] Glotal
Nasais m [m] n [n]
Oclusivas
e africadas
Xordas p [p] t [t] č [tʃ] k [k] [ʔ]
Sonoras b [b] g [ɡ]
Exectivas p’ [pʼ] t’ [tʼ] č’ [tʃʼ] k’ [kʼ]
Fricativa Xorda s [s] š [ʃ] ȟ [χ]
Sonora z [z] ž [ʒ] ǧ [ʁ]
Exectiva
s’ [sʼ] š’ [ʃʼ] ȟ’ [χʼ]
Aproximantes w [w] l [l] y [j] h [h]
  1. "Ten studies in the alphabet of the Lakota language". Lakota Times. 13 de novembro de 2008. 
  2. Moseley, Christopher e Nicolas, Alexandre. "Atlas of the world's languages in danger". unesdoc.unesco.org. Consultado o 11 de xullo de 2022. 
  3. Lakota. Online version of: Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.). Dallas: SIL International. Consultado o 16 de maio de 2009.
  4. Elementary Bilingual Dictionary English-Lakhóta Lakhóta-English (1976) CU Lakhóta Project University of Colorado
  5. Rood, David S., and Taylor, Allan R. (1996). "Sketch of Lakhota, a Siouan Language, Part I Arquivado 12 de xullo de 2012 en Archive.is". Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 17 (Languages), pp. 440–482.
  6. (2004). Lakota letters and sounds.

Véxase tamén

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Bibliografía

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  • Ullrich, Jan, with Black Bear, Ben, Jr. (2016). Lakota Grammar Handbook. Lakota Language Consortium. ISBN 978-1-941461-11-2.
  • Ullrich, Jan. (2008). New Lakota Dictionary. Lakota Language Consortium. ISBN 0-9761082-9-1.
  • Buechel, Eugene. (1983). A Dictionary of Teton Sioux. Pine Ridge, SD: Red Cloud Indian School.
  • DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001). "Sioux until 1850". In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 718–760). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-050400-7.
  • de Reuse, Willem J. (1987). "One hundred years of Lakota linguistics (1887-1987)". Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, 12, 13-42. Online version.
  • de Reuse, Willem J. (1990). "A supplementary bibliography of Lakota languages and linguistics (1887-1990)". Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, 15 (2), 146-165. (Studies in Native American languages 6). Online version.
  • Parks, Douglas R.; & Rankin, Robert L. (2001). "The Siouan languages". In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 94–114). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  • Trechter, Sarah. (1999). "Contextualizing the Exotic Few: Gender Dichotomies in Lakhota". In M. Bucholtz, A.C. Liang, e L. Sutton (Eds) Reinventing Identities (pp. 101–122). Nova York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512629-7
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Lingua lakota
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