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راهنما:آی‌پی‌ای/ماندارین

نمودارهای زیر روشی را نشان می‌دهند که الفبای آوایی بین‌المللی (آی‌پی‌اِی) تلفظ‌های ماندارین معیار (به انگلیسی: Standard Mandarin) را در مقالات ویکی‌پدیا نشان می‌دهد. برای راهنمای افزودن نویسه‌های آی‌پی‌اِی به مقالات ویکی‌پدیا، به ((آوا)) و ویکی‌پدیا:راهنمای سبک/تلفظ#وارد کردن نویسه‌های آی‌پی‌ای (en)

همخوان‌ها
آوا پین‌یین وید-جایلز بوپوموفو مثال چینی مثال دیگر
p b p 幫 (帮) پ‍رده
p p' pan
m m م‍خزن
f f ف‍رسوده
t d t ت‍هران
t t' top
n n- ن‍ای
-n ㄣ, ㄢ 金, 尖
l l 來 (来) ل‍وث
k g k ک‍رمانشاه
k k' kin
ŋ -ng ㄥ, ㄤ 井, 江 song
x h خ‍واهش
j ch like itchy, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[الف]
tɕʰ q ch' like cheap, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[الف]
ɕ x hs 曉 (晓) like sheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[الف]
ʈʂ zh ch roughly like jaw, with a flat tongue (retroflex).
ʈʂʰ ch ch' like church, with a flat tongue (retroflex).
ʂ sh like show, with a flat tongue (retroflex).
ɻ[ب] r- j like red, with a flat tongue (retroflex).
ts z ts roughly like buds
tsʰ c ts' انگلیسی:cats hissing
s s س‍رد
نیم‌واکه‌ها
j y-/-i- ی‍اد
w w-/-u- فردوسی
ɥ yu-/-ü-[پ] yü-/-ü- فرانسوی: nuit
همخوان‌های هجایی
ɻ̩ zhi, chi, shi, ri ih [ت] 之, 吃, 師 (师), 日 تقریباً شبیه glasses[ث]
ɹ̩ zi, ci, si û 子, 次, 私
واکه‌ها
آوا پین‌یین وید-جایلز بوپوموفو مثال چینی مثال دیگر
a a ㄚ, ㄢ, ㄤ 阿, 安, 盎 father
er êrh
ɛ yan/-ian yen/-ien ㄧㄢ Varies between [e] and [a]
yuan/-üan ㄩㄢ
e ye/-ie, yue/-üe eh 也, 月 خان‍ه
ə en,[ج] eng ên, êng ㄣ, ㄥ 本, 冷 about
ɤ e ê / o[چ]
o wo/-uo[ح] o[خ] ت‍و
i yi/-i پای‍ی‍ز
ʊ -ong -ung ㄨㄥ, ㄩㄥ 冬, 用 Varies between [o] and [u]
u wu/-u خ‍وی
y yu/-ü[پ] yü/-ü آلمانی: ü؛ فرانسوی: tu
واکه‌های مرکب
ai ai time
au ao out
ei ei[ج] face
ou ou[ج] 歐 (欧) show
واکه ر-گونه
ɚ er êrh sir (انگلیسی آمریکایی)[د]
تُن‌ها
آوا پین‌یین وید-جایلز بوپوموفو مثال چینی شماره تُن توضیح
á ā a1 55 tone 1: high: ˥
ǎ á a2 ˊ 35 tone 2: mid rising: ˧˥
à ǎ a3 ˇ 21, 11, 13, 214 tone 3:

medially, low: ˩ initially, mid falling: ˧˩ finally, low rising: ˩˧

in isolation, dipping: ˧˩˧

â à a4 ˋ 51 tone 4: high falling: ˥˩
a a a0 ˙ - "toneless":

low after the high falling tone ˥˩; mid after other tones

Note: Pinyin uses the same diacritics as IPA but with different values.

منابع

[ویرایش]
  1. ۱٫۰ ۱٫۱ ۱٫۲ [ɕ, tɕ, tɕʰ] are always followed by /i, j/ or /y, ɥ/.
  2. Also transcribed as ʐ in older literature.
  3. ۳٫۰ ۳٫۱ ü (/y/) is spelled u after j, q, x in pinyin since /u/ cannot occur after them.
  4. Note that this symbol is rarely used, usually omitted during writing.
  5. Voiced continuants (also transcribed [ɨ, ɯ] or [ʐ̩, z̩]) reflecting the character of the preceding consonant
  6. ۶٫۰ ۶٫۱ ۶٫۲ wei, you/yu, wen/wên are spelled respectively ui, iu, un in pinyin and Wade-Giles but are pronounced identically when they are preceded by a consonant.
  7. ⟨ê⟩ is spelled as ⟨o⟩ after ⟨k, k', h⟩ in Wade-Giles.
  8. ⟨uo⟩ is spelled ⟨o⟩ after ⟨b, p, m, f⟩ in Pinyin.
  9. ㄨㄛ is spelled as ⟨o⟩, except for ⟨k, k', h, sh⟩ (as ⟨kuo, k'uo, huo, shuo⟩) in Wade-Giles.
  10. The rhotic vowel also appears in erhua.
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راهنما:آی‌پی‌ای/ماندارین
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