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Kaarlahendus

Kaarlahendus õhus kahe naela vahel

Kaarlahendus on kestev sõltumatu gaaslahendus, millele on iseloomulik suur voolutihedus (105–1012 A/m2) ja gaasi (leegi) kõrge temperatuur (5000 – 50 000 K).

Kaarlahenduse tekkeks on vajalik intensiivne termoemissioon või külmemissioon katoodilt ja põrkeionisatsioon elektroodidevahelises ruumis. Kaarlahendus saab tekkida gaasi rõhul, mis on suurem kui 10−2 Pa.

Kaarlahenduse pinge-voolu tunnusjoon on langev (vt joonis 2 artiklis "Huumlahendus"). See tähendab, et voolu tugevnemisel pingelang kaares langeb (kaare diferentsiaaltakistus on negatiivne). Et seejuures vool ei saaks laviinitaoliselt tugevneda, ühendatakse vooluahelasse jadamisi eeltakisti (nn ballast).

Atmosfäärirõhul tekkivat kaarlahendust nimetatakse elektrikaareks (ka kaarleegiks, ajalooline nimetus Volta kaar). Selline kaarlahendus algab sädelahendusega.

Kaarlahendust rakendatakse keevitusseadmetes (kaarkeevitus), kaarahjudes (metallurgias), gaaslahenduslampides jm.

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Kaarlahendus
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