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Radical 98 瓦

瓦 (Kangxi radical 98, 瓦+0, 5 strokes in Chinese in traditional Chinese, 4 strokes in mainland China, 5 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 一女弓戈 (MVNI), four-corner 1071₇, composition ⿵⿸⿱一𠄌㇈丶(G) or ⿵⿸⿱丅㇀㇈丶(HTJKV))

1. Kangxi radical #98, ⽡.

• Appendix:Chinese radical/瓦
• 佤, 咓, 㧚, 𭯽, 𣐎, 珁, 𥘳, 㽍, 砙, 𮕰, 𡨍, 𦍭, 缻, 𮗩, 𧧀, 𨀄, 𨠛, 𨥯, 𩐛, 䰛, 𩶏, 𤁦, 齀
• 邷, 𦓓, 𩿺(𬸁), 𡊝, 𡧗, 𭖋, 𦭈, 𥥟, 𨋐, 旊, 𢦭, 𠩅, 𢋩

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 747, character 36
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21438
• Dae Jaweon: page 1156, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1421, character 3
• Unihan data for U+74E6

Historical forms of the character 瓦
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Pictogram (象形) – fired earthenware pottery, or a tile.

Possibly derived from 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to transform”) by eliminating causative devoicing and adding an endoactive rising tone (上聲), literally “that which has transformed (through fire)” (Schuessler, 2007).

瓦

1. earthenware; earthenware pottery
2. tile (roof covering)
3. (historical) back of shield (arching, as if it is covered by tile)
4. (historical) amusement park; market
5. (historical, dialectal) protecting plate of wheel
6. (music) Alternative name for 土 (tǔ, “earth”).
7. Ancient placename in modern Hua County, Henan.
8. a surname: Wa

• → Proto-Hmong-Mien: *ŋʷæX (“tile”)
• → Vietnamese: ngói (“tile”)
• → Zhuang: vax (“tile”)

Derived from etymology 1 with denominal verbalization.

瓦

1. to tile; to cover with tiles

瓦

1. Used in transcription.
2. Short for 瓦特 (wǎtè, “watt”).

• (watt):

• “瓦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[5], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

(Jōyō kanji)

1. tile
2. gram, gramme

• Go-on: げ (ge)^{←げ (ge, historical)←ぐゑ (gwe, ancient)}
• Kan-on: が (ga, Jōyō)^{←ぐわ (gwa, historical)}
• Kun: かわら (kawara, 瓦, Jōyō)^{←かはら (kafara, 瓦, historical)}、グラム (guramu, 瓦)

/kapara/ → /kaɸara/ → /kawara/

Probably from Sanskrit कपाल (kapāla, “cup, bowl, skull”),^[1][2][3] possibly via Middle Chinese 迦波羅 (MC kae pa la). Along with Buddhism, roof tiles came to Japan in the Asuka period.^[3][4][5]

Cognate with 骨, 䯊 (kawara, “a bone, particularly a covering bone such as a skull or kneecap”).

Folk etymologies include:

• From 変わら (kawara), the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 変わる (kawaru, “to change”), from the idea that tiles were produced by changing the clay into pottery through firing

• (Tokyo) かわら [kàwárá] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [ka̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]

瓦(かわら) • (kawara) ^{←かはら (kafara)?}

1. roof tile

Abbreviation of transliterated ateji (当て字) spelling 瓦(グ)蘭(ラ)姆(ム) (guramu), attested in the Meiji period. The term グラム (guramu) itself was borrowed from either English gram or French gramme.^[1][6]

Once considered a 国字 (kokuji, “national character”, a kanji coined in Japan), another example being 瓲(トン) (ton, “ton, tonne”).

From Middle Chinese 瓦 (MC ngwaeX|ngwaeH).

• IPA^(key): [ɡa̠]

瓦(が) • (ga) ^{←ぐわ (gwa)?}

1. roof tile
2. Used phonetically.

   瓦斯(ガス) (gasu): gas

From Middle Chinese 瓦 (MC ngwaeX).

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [wa̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [와]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

瓦

Wikisource

瓦 (eumhun 기와 와 (giwa wa))

1. hanja form^? of 와 (“roof tile”)

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [6]

瓦: Hán Nôm readings: ngõa/ngoã, ngói, ngoa

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text ((rfdef)).