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| Hieroglyph | Proto-Sinaitic | IPA value | Reconstructed name | Phoenician | Imperial Aramaic | Hebrew | Nabataean (from Aramaic) |
Ancient South Arabian | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
/ʔ/ | ʾalp "ox"[2][3] |  𐤀
|
 𐡀
|
א | 
|
𐩱 | ||||||||||
|
|
/b/ | bayt "house"[2] |  𐤁
|
 𐡁
|
ב | 
|
𐩨 | ||||||||||
|
|
/g/ | gaml "throw-stick" [3] |  𐤂
|
 𐡂
|
ג | 
|
𐩴 | ||||||||||
|
 /
|
/d/ | dalt "door"[2] or digg "fish"[3] |  𐤃
|
 𐡃
|
ד דּ | 
|
𐩵 | ||||||||||
|
|
/h/ | haw "man calling"[3] or hillul "jubilate"[2] |  𐤄
|
 𐡄
|
ה | 
|
𐩠 | ||||||||||
|
|
/w/ | waw "mace"[3] or "hook"[2] |  𐤅
|
 𐡅
|
ו | 
|
𐩥 | ||||||||||
|
 / 
|
/z/ | zayn/zayt "sword"[citation needed] or "copper ingot"[4] or ziq "fetter"[2] |  𐤆
|
 𐡆
|
ז | 
|
𐩸 | ||||||||||
| /ð/ | ḏayp "eyebrow"[2] | 𐡃
|
𐩹 | |||||||||||||||
|
 / 
|
/ħ/ | ḥaṣir "mansion"[2] or (ḥêt)"fence"[3] |  𐤇
|
 𐡇
|
ח | 
|
𐩢 | ||||||||||
|
/x/ | (ḫa) "hank of yarn"[3] or ḫayt "thread"[2] | 𐩭 | |||||||||||||||
|
  (Proto-Canaanite)
|
/tˤ/ | ṭab "good"[2] or ṭayt "spindle"[3] |  𐤈
|
 𐡈
|
ט | 
|
𐩷 | ||||||||||
|
 
|
/j/ | yad "arm"[3] or "hand"[2] |  𐤉
|
 𐡉
|
י | 
|
𐩺 | ||||||||||
|
|
/k/ | kap(p) "palm"[3][2] |  𐤊
|
 𐡊
|
ךכ | 
|
𐩫 | ||||||||||
|
|
/l/ | lamd "goad"[2][3] |  𐤋
|
 𐡋
|
ל | 
|
𐩡 | ||||||||||
|
|
/m/ | maym "water"[2] |  𐤌
|
 𐡌
|
םמ | 
|
𐩣 | ||||||||||
|
|
/n/ | naḥš "snake"[3][2] |  𐤍
|
 𐡍
|
ןנ | 
|
𐩬 | ||||||||||
|
 (Proto-Canaanite) /
|
/s/ | samk "fish/support"[3][2] |  𐤎
|
 𐡎
|
ס | 
|
𐩯 | ||||||||||
|
|
/ʕ/ | ʿayn "eye"[3][2] |  𐤏
|
 𐡏
|
ע | 
|
𐩲 | ||||||||||
|
/ 
|
/ɣ/ | (ġa) (unknown)[3] or ġinab "grape"[2] | 𐩶 | ||||||||||||||
|
 |
/p/ | pu "mouth"[2] or pʿit "corner"[3] |  𐤐
|
 𐡐
|
ףפ | 
|
𐩰 | ||||||||||
|
|
/sˤ/ | (ṣad) "plant"[3] or ṣirar "bag"[2] |  𐤑
|
  𐡑
|
ץצ | 
|
𐩮 | ||||||||||
| /ɬˤ/? | 𐡏
|
𐩳 | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
/θˤ/ | ẓil "shade"[2] | 𐡈
|
𐩼 | |||||||||||||
|
|
/kˤ/ | qu(p) "monkey"[3][6] or qaw "cord, line"[2] |  𐤒
|
 𐡒
|
ק | 
|
𐩤 | ||||||||||
[1][2] or
|
|
/r/ | raʾš "head"[2][3] |  𐤓
|
 𐡓
|
ר | 
|
𐩧 | ||||||||||
|
|
/ʃ/ | šamš "sun"[2] |  𐤔
|
 𐡔
|
שׁ שׂ | 
|
𐩪 | ||||||||||
|
 (Proto-Canaanite ś)[7] / 
|
/ɬ/? | ṯann "composite bow"[8][3] or ṯad "breast"[2] | 𐩦 | ||||||||||||||
| /θ/ |  𐡕
|
|
𐩻 | |||||||||||||||
|
|
/t/ | taw "mark"[3][2] |  𐤕
|
ת תּ | 𐩩 |
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Albright 1966, fig. 1.
- ^ a b Cross, F. M. (1980) Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Canaanite and Early Phoenician Scripts. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 238, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.2307/1356511
- ^ a b c d "Aramaic and Hebrew: A linguistic comparison". vocab.chat. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
- ^ Pandey, Anshuman (30 July 2019). "Revisiting the Encoding of Proto Sinaitic in Unicode" (PDF). Unicode.org.
- ^ Vainstub, Daniel; Mumcuoglu, Madeleine; Hasel, Michael G.; Hesler, Katherine M.; Lavi, Miriam; Rabinovich, Rivka; Goren, Yuval; Garfinkel, Yosef. "A Canaanite's Wish to Eradicate Lice on an Inscribed Ivory Comb from Lachish" (PDF). Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
- ^ "šnn / Semitic roots". The Free Dictionary. Farlex, Inc. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
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