Long-jawed orb weaver
| Long-jawed orb-weavers Temporal range:
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| Metellina mengei | |
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| Tetragnatha montana, female | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Tetragnathidae Menge, 1866 |
| Diversity | |
| 50 genera, 989 species | |
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Long-jawed orb weavers or long jawed spiders (Tetragnathidae) are a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Anton Menge in 1866.[1] They have elongated bodies, legs, and chelicerae, and build small orb webs with an open hub with few, wide-set radii and spirals with no signal line or retreat. Some species are often found in long vegetation near water.[2]
Systematics
[edit]
As of March 2021[update], the World Spider Catalog accepts the following extant genera:[3]
- Allende Álvarez-Padilla, 2007 — Chile, Argentina
- Antillognatha Bryant, 1945 — Hispaniola
- Atelidea Simon, 1895 — Sri Lanka
- Azilia Keyserling, 1881 — United States, Panama, South America, Caribbean
- Chrysometa Simon, 1894 — South America, Central America, Mexico, Caribbean
- Cyrtognatha Keyserling, 1881 — South America, Central America, Caribbean, Mexico
- Dianleucauge Song & Zhu, 1994 — China
- Diphya Nicolet, 1849 — Asia, South America, Africa
- Dolichognatha O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869 — Asia, Africa, South America, Oceania, United States, Panama
- Doryonychus Simon, 1900 — Hawaii
- Dyschiriognatha Simon, 1893 — Indonesia, Brazil, Samoa
- Glenognatha Simon, 1887 — Africa, South America, Asia, North America, Central America, Caribbean
- Harlanethis Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga, 2020 — Australia (Queensland)
- Hispanognatha Bryant, 1945 — Hispaniola
- Homalometa Simon, 1898 — Central America, Cuba, Mexico, Brazil
- Iamarra Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga, 2020 — Australia (Queensland)
- Leucauge White, 1841 (including Opas) — Africa, North America, Asia, Oceania, South America, Central America, Caribbean
- Leucognatha Wunderlich, 1992 — Azores, Kenya, Tanzania
- Mesida Kulczyński, 1911 — Oceania, Asia, Africa
- Meta C. L. Koch, 1836 — Asia, North America, Tanzania, Oceania, Cuba
- Metabus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 — Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador, Dominican Republic
- Metellina Chamberlin & Ivie, 1941 — Africa, Asia, Canada
- Metleucauge Levi, 1980 — Asia, United States
- Mitoscelis Thorell, 1890 — Indonesia
- Mollemeta Álvarez-Padilla, 2007 — Chile
- Nanningia Zhu, Kim & Song, 1997
- Nanometa Simon, 1908 — Australia
- Neoprolochus Reimoser, 1927 — Indonesia
- Okileucauge Tanikawa, 2001 — China, Japan
- Orsinome Thorell, 1890 — Asia, Oceania, Madagascar
- Pachygnatha Sundevall, 1823 — Africa, Asia, North America, Cuba, Europe
- Parameta Simon, 1895 — Ethiopia, Somalia, Sierra Leone
- Parazilia Lessert, 1938 — Congo
- Pholcipes Schmidt & Krause, 1993 — Comoros
- Pickardinella Archer, 1951 — Mexico
- Pinkfloydia Dimitrov & Hormiga, 2011 — Australia
- Sancus Tullgren, 1910 — Kenya, Tanzania
- Schenkeliella Strand, 1934 — Sri Lanka
- Taraire Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga, 2020 — New Zealand
- Tawhai Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga, 2020 — New Zealand
- Tetragnatha Latreille, 1804 — Asia, South America, Oceania, Africa, North America, Caribbean, Central America, Europe
- Timonoe Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar
- Tylorida Simon, 1894 — Asia, Africa, Oceania
- Wolongia Zhu, Kim & Song, 1997 — China
- Zhinu Kallal & Hormiga, 2018 — Taiwan, Korea, Japan
- Zygiometella Wunderlich, 1995 — Israel
Fossil genera
[edit]Several extinct, fossil genera have been described:[4]
- †Anameta Wunderlich, 2004 (Palaeogene, Bitterfield and Baltic amber)
- †Balticgnatha Wunderlich, 2004 (Palaeogene, Baltic amber)
- †Corneometa Wunderlich, 2004 (Palaeogene, Baltic amber)
- †Eometa Petrunkevitch, 1958 (Palaeogene, Baltic amber)
- †Huergnina Selden & Penney, 2003 (Cretaceous, Las Hoyas, Spain)
- †Macryphantes Selden, 1990 (Cretaceous)
- †Palaeometa Petrunkevitch, 1922 (Palaeogene, Florissant)
- †Palaeopachygnatha Petrunkevitch, 1922 (Palaeogene, Florissant)
- †Priscometa Petrunkevitch, 1958 (Palaeogene, Baltic amber)
- †Samlandicmeta Wunderlich, 2012 (Palaeogene, Baltic amber)
Formerly placed here
[edit]- Deliochus Simon, 1894 – now in Araneidae
- Eryciniolia Strand, 1912 – now a synonym of Nanometa
- Menosira Chikuni, 1955 – now a synonym of Metellina
- Nediphya Marusik & Omelko, 2017 – now a synonym of Nanometa
- Phonognatha Simon, 1894 – now in Araneidae
- Prolochus Thorell, 1895 – see Dolichognatha
See also
[edit]A few spiders in this family include:
References
[edit]- ^ Menge, Anton (1866). "Preussische Spinnen. Erste Abtheilung". Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig (N.F.). 1.
- ^ Gould, John; García, Luis Fernando; Valdez, Jose. W. (March 2023). "Water webbing: Long‐jawed spider (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) produces webs that touch the surface of ephemeral waterbodies". Ethology. 129 (3): 182–185. doi:10.1111/eth.13355.
- ^ "Family: Tetragnathidae Menge, 1866". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
- ^ Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2018. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch, version 19.0, accessed on 7 October 2018.
- Chickering, A.M. (1963). The Male of Mecynometa globosa (O. P.-Cambridge) (Araneae, Argiopidae). Psyche 70:180–183. PDF
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tetragnathidae.
Wikispecies has information related to Tetragnathidae.
- Tree of Life Tetragnathidae
- Tatragnatha sp. Large format diagnostic photographs and information
- Reference Photos: Tetragnatha laboriosa
- Venusta Orchard Spider - Family Tetragnathidae
- Pictures of Tetragnatha sp. (free for noncommercial use)
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