The Scream (Skrik, 1893), by expressionist painter Edvard Munch. A well known artistic representation of angst

Zyprexa® Zydis® 10mg tablets, as available in Japan. Drug name: Olanzapine

Advert from ca. 1962 for Thorazine (trade-name of chlorpromazine in the U.S.). An antipsychotic (neuroleptic, major tranquilizer, antischizophrenic, actaractic). In Europe it is known as Largactil. The text of the ad reads:

When the patient lashes out against "them" - THORAZINE (brand of chlorpromazine) quickly puts an end to his violent outburst. 'Thorazine' is especially effective when the psychotic episode is triggered by delusions or hallucinations. At the outset of treatment, Thorazine's combination of antipsychotic and sedative effects provides both emotional and physical calming. Assaultive or destructive behavior is rapidly controlled. As therapy continues, the initial sedative effect gradually disappears. But the antipsychotic effect continues, helping to dispel or modify delusions, hallucinations and confusion, while keeping the patient calm and approachable. SMITH KLINE AND FRENCH LABORATORIES leaders in psychopharmaceutical research.

Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist, founder of analytical psychology

Advertisement for a leucotome, a tool for performing leucotomies (lobotomies) (UK, circa 1942)

Risperidone (trade name Risperdal), an atypical antipsychotic medication.

Work by Adolf Wölfli, an outsider artist and patient at a Swiss psychiatric hospital

Mignon Nevada as William Shakespeare's character Ophelia, circa 1910. An artistic representation of insanity leading to suicide

Baron Münchhausen in a fabulated environment, by Gottfried Franz (circa 1896). The character after which Münchausen syndrome is named.

Occupational therapy. Toy making in a psychiatric hospital. World War 1 era

Australian soldiers near Ypres in 1917, during World War I. Soldier on left is likely suffering from shellshock, now described as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

A human skull mapped according to phrenology (1883), early precursor to modern psychiatry and neuroscience, now considered a pseudoscience

Windows of a person showing symptoms of paranoia and persecutory delusions, symptoms of schizophrenia

Corridor in the Asylum, by Vincent van Gogh, painted during his voluntary hospitalization for symptoms of mental illness

Cat portraits showing increased abstraction, by Louis Wain, who, while an inmate at a mental hospital, may not have painted them in this order, thus the question of whether they document a deterioration in condition remains unanswered. It is also not certain if he suffered from schizophrenia, though the images have been used extensively as examples of schizophrenic outsider art.

Illustration from A Rake's Progress, by William Hogarth (circa 1730s), showing Bethlem Royal Hospital, (origin of the word bedlam)

Bellevue Hospital front gate, New York City

French psychiatrist Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) releasing people from their chains at the Salpêtrière asylum in Paris in 1795 (painting by Tony Robert-Fleury)

County insane asylum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (prior to 1881)

Mentally ill Scottish murderer Daniel M'Naghten, namesake of the M'Naghten rules

Waterford District Lunatic Asylum on John's Hill in Waterford. Now known as St. Otteran's. (circa 1880s)

Poster for a psychiatric hospital in Switzerland (1930)

The Burghölzli psychiatric clinic in Switzerland (1880s)

Carl Jung in front of the Burghölzli psychiatric hospital, Switzerland

Klinikgebäude Münsingen, a cultural property of national significance in Switzerland

A demonstration of electroconvulsive therapy (circa World War I)

Melencolia I, a 1514 woodcut by Albrecht Dürer, an allegory of melancholia

High pressure hydrotherapy, to generate orgasm, as formerly used to treat female hysteria, a now obsolete gender specific disorder