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Peter Jacob Hjelm

Peter Jacob Hjelm
Engraving by Anton Ulrik Berndes, c. 1800
Born(1746-10-02)2 October 1746
Died7 October 1813(1813-10-07) (aged 67)
Alma materUniversity of Uppsala

Peter (Petter) Jacob Hjelm (2 October 1746 – 7 October 1813) was a Swedish chemist[1] and the first person to isolate the element molybdenum in 1781, four years after its discovery by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele.[2][3] Working with Molybdic acid,[4] Hjelm chemically reduced molybdenum oxide with carbon in an oxygen-free atmosphere, resulting in carbon dioxide and a near-pure dark metal powder to which he gave the name 'molybdenum'. His first publication on molybdenum appeared in 1790.[5][4][6][7]

Childhood

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Hjelm was born at Sunnerbo in Småland, Sweden in 1746. The son of parish priest Erik Hjelm and Cecilia Cecilia Gistrénia, he was raised in the parish of Göteryd in Älmhult.[8]

Career

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After studying at the University of Uppsala, he received his Ph.D. He became professor at the Mining academy and in 1782 he became Proberare of the Royal Mint, with the job of analyzing minerals to determine their content. From 1784 on he was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. His last position was as director of the Chemical Laboratory at the Ministry of Mining.[9][10]

References

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  1. ^ Poggendorff, J. C. (Johann Christian); Köstler, M.; Weichsel, L.; Salié, H.; Zaunick, R.; Stobbe, H.; Weinmeister, P. (1863). J.C. Poggendorffs biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch zur Geschichte der exacten Wissenschaften. Leipzig: J.A. Barth. pp. 1113-1114.
  2. ^ P. J. Hjelm (1788). "Versuche mit Molybdäna, und Reduction der selben Erde". Svenska Vetensk. Academ. Handlingar. 49: 268.
  3. ^ "Carl Wilhelm Scheele". Soylent Communications. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
  4. ^ a b Voynick, Stephen M. (1996). Climax: The History of Colorado's Climax Molybdenum Mine. Missoula, Mont.: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 8. ISBN 9780878423545. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  5. ^ Jonmaire, Paul (2016). "Molybdenum". In Harbison, Raymond D.; Bourgeois, Marie M.; Johnson, Giffe T. (eds.). Hamilton & Hardy's industrial toxicology (5th ed.). Montreal: Mosby. p. 167. ISBN 9780815141815.
  6. ^ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1956). The discovery of the elements (6th ed.). Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education.
  7. ^ Weeks, Mary Elvira (March 1932). "The discovery of the elements. V. Chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and uranium". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (3): 459. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9..459W. doi:10.1021/ed009p459.
  8. ^ Hofberg, Herman; Heurlin, Frithiof; Millqvist, Viktor; Rubenson, Olof, eds. (1906). "Hjelm, Peter Jakob". Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon (SBH). Vol. I (2nd ed.). Stockholm: Bonnier. p. 500. Retrieved December 1, 2018. Hjelm, Peter Jakob, kemist. Född d. 2 okt. 1746. Föräldrar: kyrkoherden i Göteryd af Vexiö stift Erik Hjelm och Cecilia Gistrén. H. blef student i Uppsala 1763 och disputerade där för filosofiska graden, ehuru han aldrig blef magister. Anställd som auskultant i bergskollegium 1774, utnämndes han 1782 till proberare vid myntet och förordnades 1794 till myntguardien och föreståndare för bergskollegii kemiska laboratorium. Död i Stockholm d. 7 okt 1813. H. berömmes icke blott som nitisk och verksam ämbetsman, utan äfven som utmärkt vetenskapsidkare. Om hans förtjänster i sistnämnda hänseende vittna hans i Vet.-akad:s Handl. införda, förträffliga afhandlingar, bland hvilka den om hans upptäckt att ur molybdensyran reducera molybdenmetallen förtjänar att ihågkommas.
  9. ^ Association, IMOA International Molybdenum. "Molybdenum history". www.imoa.info. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  10. ^ Meijer, Bernhard, ed. (1909). "Hjelm, Petter Jakob". Nordisk familjebok; konversations-lexikon och realencyklopedi ny, reviderad och rikt illustrerad upplaga. Stockholm: Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag. pp. 793–794. Retrieved December 1, 2018. Hjelm, Petter Jakob, kemist, f. 1746, d. 1813 i Stockholm, blef 1763 student i Uppsala, 1774 auskultant i Bergskollegium, 1782 proberare vid k. myntet, 1784 led. af Vet. akad. samt 1794 myntguardien och föreståndare vid Bergskollegii laboratorium chymicum. H. författade flera uppsatser i kemi, bergsvetenskap, metallurgi m. m., bland hvilka hans undersökningar öfver molybden, hvilket grundämne af honom först erhölls i metalliskt tillstånd, äro viktigast. H. lämnade äfven en geologisk beskrifning öfver Dalarnas porfyrbildningar.

Literature

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  • Friedrich, Christoph (1989). "Deutsch-schwedische Wissenschaftsbeziehungen an der Universität Greifswald zwischen 1770 und 1850 unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Chemie und Pharmazie". Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte. 12 (3): 177–192. doi:10.1002/bewi.19890120307. PMID 11629776.
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Peter Jacob Hjelm
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