English: Evolutionary adaptations in cranial kinesis among mosasaurs, showing a typical seven-joint kinesis and streptostyly in an early mosasaur (Tylosaurus nepaeolicus) and the specialized rigid akinesis featuring the loss of many joints in a highly derived mosasaur (Plotosaurus bennisoni) in (A) resting (B) protracting (C) retracting positions. Darkened circles correspond to each joint and red arrows correspond to the movement of bones along them.
Legend:
Premaxilla
Maxilla
Dentary
Splenial
Angular
Prefrontal
Frontal
Parietal
Palatine? (shown in Plotosaurus only)
Pterygoid
Ectopterygoid (shown in Plotosaurus only)
Jugal
Postorbitofrontal
Coronoid
Squamosal
Surangular
Articular
Supratemporal (shown in Plotosaurus only)
Paraoccipital process (shown in Plotosaurus only)
Quadrate
Braincase
Reference:Tylosaurus nepaeolicus and Plotosaurus bennisoni skulls adapted from Everhart (2005)[1] and LeBlanc et al. (2013) respectively.[2] Movement of joints based on Russell (1967)[3] and LeBlanc et al. (2013).[2]
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↑ ab (2013). "Aquatic adaptation, cranial kinesis, and the skull of the mosasaurine mosasaur Plotosaurus bennisoni". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology33 (2): 349-362. DOI:10.1080/02724634.2013.726675.
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