English: Following the defeath of Antiochus VII (died 129 BC) against Pathia, Syria contracted to the west of the Euphrates.[1] Parthia established the river as its western border and included Osroene.[2] To the north, the kingdom of Commagene bordered the Euphrates in the East, Cappadocia in the north (and included Melitene (Malatya) in its borders), the Amanus range in the west and Syria in the south (where Zeugma was the first Syrian city).[3] In the west, Cilicia between the Calycadnus river (Göksu) and the Orontes valley was under the rule of the Seleucids;[4][5] the Romans established a province of Cilicia in 102 BC but it did not include areas geographically in the region and the city of Side was the eastern point of that province.[6] In the south, Judea was a vassal principality and Syria controlled the costs and Samaria.[7] In the east, Syria controlled Dura-Europos until its fall to Parthia in 120 BC.[8]
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↑Hogg, Hope W. (1911) "Mesopotamia" in The Encyclopedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information, 18 (11th ed.), New York. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 342 Madison Avenue, p. 184 OCLC: 1303014.
↑Kia, Mehrdad (2016) The Persian Empire. A Historical Encyclopedia, Empires of the World, 1, ABC-CLIO, p. 55 ISBN: 978-1-61069-390-5.
↑Goell, Theresa (1996) "Ancient Sources and Previous Scholarship" in Sanders, Donald H. , ed. Nemrud Dagi. The Hierothesion of Antiochus I of Commagene - Results of the American Excavations, 1: Texts, Eisenbrauns, p. 22 ISBN: 978-1-57506-015-6.
↑ (1988). "A Hoard of Aegean Tetradrachms and the Autonomous Tetradrachms of Elaeusa Sebast". Museum Notes33: 85. The American Numismatic Society. ISSN0145-1413.
↑ (2011). "The Route Taken by Cilicia to Provincial Status: When and Why?". Olba: The Journal of Research Center for Cilician Archaeology19: 268, 273. Mersin University Publicattions of the Research Center of Cilician Archaeology [KAAM]. ISSN7667 1301 7667.
↑Finkielsztejn, Gerald (1998). "More Evidence on John Hyrcanus I's Conquests: Lead Weights and Rhodian Amphora Stamps". Strata: Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society16: 46. The Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society. ISSN0266-2442.
↑Bellinger, A. R. (1949) Excavations at Dura-Europos. Final Report VI: The Coins, Yale University Press, p. 200
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