Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris
| Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris | |
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| Genus: | Nitratidesulfovibrio
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| Species: | N. vulgaris
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| Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris (Postgate & Campbell 1966) Waite et al. 2020
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Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris (formerly Desulfovibrio vulgaris) is a species of Gram-negative sulfate-reducing bacteria in the Desulfovibrionaceae family.[1] It is also an anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacterium that is an important organism involved in the bioremediation of heavy metals in the environment.[2] Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris is often used as a model organism for sulfur-reducing bacteria[3] and was the first of such bacteria to have its genome sequenced.[4] It is ubiquitous in nature and has also been implicated in a variety of human bacterial infections, although it may only be an opportunistic pathogen.[5] This microbe also has the ability to endure high salinity environments, which is done through the utilization of osmoprotectants and efflux systems.[6]
Description
[edit]Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris is a sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) that plays an important role in cycling elements.[4] The metabolism of SRBs contributes to bioremediation by increasing their pH.[4] SRBs also play a key role in biogeochemical cycles.[4] Studies have shown that SRBs grow best with hydrogen and sulfate.[7]
Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris can be used to remove metals from the environment due to its production of hydrogen sulfide. It can also carry out this process while being exposed to high concentrations of sodium chloride.[6] During the removal of metals from mine waste piles, there was a removal efficiency of 99% by sulfate-reducing bacteria.[2][8] However, it has been found that, at high concentrations, heavy metals can be toxic to N. vulgaris.[2] N. vulgaris can also reduce the highly toxic Cr(VI) metal to a less toxic, less soluble Cr(III).[9]
When Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris is exposed to increased salinity, it responds with the upregulation of chemotaxis genes and the downregulation of flagellar biosynthesis.[6] The upregulation of chemotaxis genes may help move the cells away from the stressful environment.[6] Another common response is the accumulation of neutral, polar, small molecules that serve as osmoprotectants, such as glycine betaine (GB) and proline.[6] These molecules may either be synthesized in the cell or imported in.[6] However, GB is only imported into the cell, and proline is not the preferred molecule to use by Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris.[6]
This microbe also responds to increased salinity by using its efflux systems to pump excess salt ions out of the cell.[6] This process, as well as GB import, requires more energy than the cells normally require.[6] Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris also responds by increasing transcript levels of all Hmc operon members, indicating that electron channeling increases during salt stress.[6] One notable characteristic of Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris is that it changes to have a more elongated structure when exposed to high salinity, possibly caused by inhibition of DNA replication.[6]
Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris has been linked to several human bacterial infections but may just be an opportunistic pathogen.[5] Overall, Desulfovibrio may be a weak pathogen, but D. fairfieldensis has a higher pathogenic potential than most other Desulfovibrio species.[5] Most infections with Desulfovibrio are susceptible to imipenem.[5] These infections are an infrequent cause of diseases in humans.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ Devereux, R.; He, S.H.; Doyle, C.L.; Orkland, S.; Stahl, D.A.; LeGall, J.; Whitman, W.B. (1990). "Diversity and origin of Desulfovibrio species: phylogenetic definition of a family". Journal of Bacteriology. 172 (7): 3609–19. doi:10.1128/jb.172.7.3609-3619.1990. PMC 213334. PMID 2361938.
- ^ a b c Cabrera, G.; Pérez, R.; Gómez, J. M.; Ábalos, A.; Cantero, D. (2006-07-31). "Toxic effects of dissolved heavy metals on Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfovibrio sp. strains". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 135 (1): 40–46. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.058. ISSN 0304-3894. PMID 16386832.
- ^ Zhou, J.; He, Q.; Hemme, C.L.; Mukhopadhyay, A.; Hillesland, K.; Zhou, A.; He, Z.; Van Nostrand, J.D.; Hazen, T.C.; Stahl, D.A.; Wall, J.D.; Arkin, A.P. (2011). "How sulphate-reducing microorganisms cope with stress: lessons from systems biology". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 9 (6): 452–466. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2575. PMID 21572460. S2CID 1195223. Archived from the original on 2020-10-14. Retrieved 2019-07-05.
- ^ a b c d Heidelberg, J.F.; Seshadri, R.; Haveman, S.A.; Hemme, C.L.; Paulsen, I.T.; Kolonay, J.F.; Eisen, J.A.; Ward, N.; Methe, B.; Brinkac, L.M.; Daugherty, S.C.; Deboy, R.T.; Dodson, R.J.; Durkin, A.S.; Madupu, R.; Nelson, W.C.; Sullivan, S.A.; Fouts, D.; Haft, D.H.; Selengut, J.; Peterson, J.D.; Davidsen, T.M.; Zafar, N.; Zhou, L.W.; Radune, D.; Dimitrov, G.; Hance, M.; Tran, K.; Khouri, H.; Gill, J.; Utterback, T.R.; Feldblyum, T.V.; Wall, J.D.; Voordouw, G.; Fraser, C.M. (2004). "The genome sequence of the anaerobic, sulfate-reducing bacterium Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough". Nature Biotechnology. 22 (5): 554–9. doi:10.1038/nbt959. PMID 15077118.
- ^ a b c d e Goldstein, E.J.C.; Citron, D.M.; Peraino, V.A.; Cross, S. A. (2003). "Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Bacteremia and Review of Human Desulfovibrio Infections". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 41 (6): 2752–4. doi:10.1128/JCM.41.6.2752-2754.2003. PMC 156571. PMID 12791922.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mukhopadhyay, Aindrila; He, Zhili; Alm, Eric J.; Arkin, Adam P.; Baidoo, Edward E.; Borglin, Sharon C.; Chen, Wenqiong; Hazen, Terry C.; He, Qiang; Holman, Hoi-Ying; Huang, Katherine; Huang, Rick; Joyner, Dominique C.; Katz, Natalie; Keller, Martin (2006). "Salt Stress in Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough: an Integrated Genomics Approach". Journal of Bacteriology. 188 (11): 4068–4078. doi:10.1128/JB.01921-05. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 1482918. PMID 16707698.
- ^ Pereira, Patrícia M.; He, Qiang; Valente, Filipa M. A.; Xavier, António V.; Zhou, Jizhong; Pereira, Inês A. C.; Louro, Ricardo O. (2008-05-01). "Energy metabolism in Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough: insights from transcriptome analysis". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 93 (4): 347–362. doi:10.1007/s10482-007-9212-0. ISSN 1572-9699. PMID 18060515. S2CID 6536698.
- ^ Kim, Sang D.; Kilbane, John J.; Cha, Daniel K. (1999–2003). "Prevention of Acid Mine Drainage by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria: Organic Substrate Addition to Mine Waste Piles". Environmental Engineering Science. 16 (2): 139–145. doi:10.1089/ees.1999.16.139.
- ^ Lovley, Derek R.; Phillips, Elizabeth J. P. (1994–2002). "Reduction of Chromate by Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris and Its c 3 Cytochrome". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 60 (2): 726–728. Bibcode:1994ApEnM..60..726L. doi:10.1128/aem.60.2.726-728.1994. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 201373. PMID 16349200.
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