DI MA-1
MA-1 | |
---|---|
Type | |
Place of origin | Myanmar |
Service history | |
In service | 2002–present |
Used by | See Users |
Wars | |
Production history | |
Designer | Yisrael Galili of Israel Military Industries[1][a] |
Designed | 1991 |
Manufacturer | Ka Pa Sa No. 1 Myanmar Fritz Werner Industries[b] |
Produced | 2002–Present |
Variants | See Variants |
Specifications | |
Mass |
|
Length |
|
Cartridge | 5.56×45mm NATO |
Action | Gas-operated, rotating bolt |
Rate of fire |
|
Muzzle velocity | 950 m/s (3,120 ft/s) |
Effective firing range | 400 m (437 yd) |
Feed system |
|
Sights |
|
References | [3][4][5][6] |
The DI MA-1[c] is a family of Myanma-made assault rifles chambered for 5.56×45mm NATO, produced by the Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries. They are based on the IMI Galil with some localised modifications produced with assistance from Israel.[8]
The MA rifles are primarily used by the Tatmadaw,[9] although it is also seen with the Myanmar Police Force.[10]
The MA designation on the weapon means Myanmar Army.[11] The series are sometimes erroneously referred to as the EMERK-3.[2]
History
[edit]The Tatmadaw was armed with the BA63 (Burma Army 63), the Myanma-made version of the Heckler & Koch G3A3 battle rifle[12] made under license agreement with West Germany under the Ka Pa Sa factories in partnership with Fritz Werner Industry Ausrustungen-Gmbh (FRG) and the German Technical Corporation Agency.[13] However, it was considered too heavy for Myanma soldiers to use in jungle warfare.[7]
A team of engineers from IMI reportedly visited Yangon in 1991, helping with preparing the foundation to manufacture the MA-1s.[14][15] Reports cite Israel's support of Myanmar in developing the MA-1 despite repeated denials by Israeli officials based in Myanmar, Singapore and Thailand.[8] According to William Ashton, Israel sought Myanmar out in order to gain international allies due to the constant threat of being surrounded by hostile states in the Middle East.[8]
The MA-series was first spotted in the early 2000s at numerous Tatmadaw Armed Forces Day parades and demonstrations,[16][15] replacing the previous Heckler & Koch G3 rifles that were in service.[7]
By 2009, it was reported that the Tatmadaw was almost fully equipped with the MA series.[7] MA rifles have also been seen usage by the Karen National Liberation Army,[17] Shan State Army (RCSS)[7] and the Ta'ang National Liberation Army,[18] captured from Tatmadaw forces[17] or from defecting soldiers.[19] The Karenni Army has also used MA-1s taken from Myanma soldiers.[20]
From 2014, the Mk II variant is being used by the Tatmadaw as their standard rifle.[21]
Plans were made to fully adopt the DI MA-1 Mk. III, but plans are halted due to quality issues.[22]
On March 2022, the Tatmadaw showcased a new type of the MA-1 Mk. II rifle in the Armed Forces Day parade, which has a telescopic stock and a picatinny rail on the upper receiver.[4] It was supposed to be shown in public in 2020, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[4]
On May 2023, MA-1 and MA-3s are used by the PDF in the civil war, captured from Myanma soldiers and police officers.[10]
Design
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/President_Duterte_Arrives_in_Myanmar_and_Meets_with_the_Filipino_Community_11.jpg/220px-President_Duterte_Arrives_in_Myanmar_and_Meets_with_the_Filipino_Community_11.jpg)
Serial production started in 2002 after signing an agreement with IMI.[7] The assault rifles were mostly made at Ka Pa Sa No 1 or DI-1,[11] a factory located near Inya Lake that serves as the main factory.[7][23]
The MA-1 rifles are made with ventilated handguards and horizontal charging handles, unlike the Galil which has a vertical charging handle.[2] Early models (Mk. I) have curved cheekpieces in the buttstocks with later models (Mk. II) omitting this.[24] MA rifles are compatible with Galil magazines,[2] although they can use polymer magazines.[24] Any MA rifle can use a clone of the Type 81 bayonet if a bayonet lug is present.
They were initially introduced with wooden handguards; early models were made with brown polymer furniture and rounded, smooth pistol grips.[25] Later versions were produced with black furniture and clear cut Galil grips, designated as the Mk II.[26] It also uses synthetic alloys and plastics in its construction.[21]
An indicator for a MA rifle that is optimized to fire rifle grenades is the presence of tall iron sights.[24] The rifles can use the MG-2 rifle grenade.[5]
In an interview back in 2009 with Sai Sheng Murng, the deputy spokesman of the Shan State Army (RCSS), he mentioned that foreign-made 5.56 NATO ammo cannot be used in the MA rifles while Myanma-made ammo can work with foreign assault rifles chambered in the same caliber.[7]
The selectors consist of safe, semi-auto and full-auto mode.[25]
Variants
[edit]MA-1
[edit]Standard assault rifle with a bayonet lug for the option to have a bayonet mounted.[2] It's reported by convicted porters under the Tatmadaw that Myanma soldiers would write the battalion number on its stock.[27]
The bipod was not made standard with the MA-1s with the cleaning kit stored in a hollow space in the buttstock. The MA-1s are not equipped with a pistol grip-type safety system.[28]
MA-2
[edit]Light machine gun version with a heavy barrel and a bipod mounted.[29] It was originally developed without the idea of using a drum magazine, relying on standard capacity magazines,[30] but it can be used with drum magazines.[5]
The handguard has two rows of ventilation holes that are parallel to the barrel.[28] It has a carry handle, long/heavy barrel and bipod.[25]
The bipods used are thin-based for Mk. I versions, but the Mk. II versions are seen with bipods that are cloned from those used for the M60 GPMG.[5]
MA-3
[edit]Carbine version with a folding metal buttstock.[31] The stock is rarely used due to great difficulty in moving it[28] and to fully depress the lock in order to unfold it.[25] Early models were badly made due to the materials used in its manufacture before they were fully resolved through the Mk II variant.
MA-4
[edit]A version of the MA-1 equipped with an underbarrel grenade launcher (UBGL),[31] known as the BA203 (Burma Army 203).[32] It is an unlicensed clone of the MKEK T-40.[33][d]
The UBGL is permanently fixed, which cannot be removed.
Mk. II
[edit]Pre-2019
[edit]The Mk. II variant saw the use of polymer to replace the black stock of the Mk. I.[5] It was also often equipped with polymer stocks, pistol grips, and fore-ends as standard issue.[25]
Post-2019
[edit]The newer Mk II variants were shown overseas at the 2019 Defense and Security exhibition in Bangkok, Thailand, which was visited by Min Aung Hlaing.[35] This variant was publicly shown in 2022 with the Tatmadaw with a telescopic stock and picatinny rail on the upper receiver.[4] The new Mk II magazine is based on the South African polymer Vektor R4 magazine.[24] The black moulds used in the newer Mk II variants were allegedly based on moulding materials provided by CAA Industries.[36]
By the Myanmar Civil War of 2021, all Mk. I variants were replaced by the Mk. II.
MA-S
[edit]Known as Myanmar Army Sniper, a designated marksman rifle variant based on the MA-2.[37] It's chambered in 7.62x51 NATO caliber and fires from a 10-round magazine.[37] There are reports indicating that production may have started as early as 2011 to 2012.[38]
It has a total weight of 5.3 kg, a total length of 1140 mm and a barrel length of 620 mm.[37] The rifle has a muzzle velocity of 852 m/s and an effective range of 1000 meters.[37]
The MA-S consist of a Mk. I and Mk. II version. The Mk. I resembles a Dragunov that can take 10-round magazines[5][37] with a PSO-1 scope.[39] The Mk. II resembles Zastava-based rifles that can take 20-round magazines.[5]
The Mk. II has a picatinny rail under the gas block to install a bipod.[5] It comes in two colors; green or black furniture.[5] A version of the Mk. II in a camo finish was on display at the 2019 Defence and Security arms fair.[5]
There is a MA-S variant made for Tatmadaw soldiers participating in overseas shooting competitions such as the ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet.[40]
Users
[edit]Myanmar: Widely used by the Tatmadaw and the Myanmar Police.
Non-State Actors
[edit]- Karen National Liberation Army
- Karenni Army
- People's Defence Force (Myanmar)
- Shan State Army (RCSS)
- Ta'ang National Liberation Army
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Yisrael Galili, Weapons Inventor, 72". The New York Times. 11 March 1995.
- ^ a b c d e Roodhorst (2015), p. 1399.
- ^ "MA-1".
- ^ a b c d "或将在缅甸第77个武装部队日亮相的缅军新式Ma突击步枪_型号_系列_榴弹发射器". Sohu.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j https://www.myanmarwitness.org/_files/ugd/06ca64_9dbcff31640547f3bd747fe8c86e6c6c.pdf
- ^ https://www.toutiao.com/article/7147865835078550051/
- ^ a b c d e f g h Lawi Weng. "Burmese Army Equipped with New Arms". Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
- ^ a b c William Ashton (2000-03-01). "Myanmar and Israel develop military pact" (PDF). Jane's Intelligence Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
- ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/myanmar-crackdown-military-coup/
- ^ a b "Myanmar PDFs getting the guns to turn the war". 19 May 2023. Archived from the original on 2024-02-27.
- ^ a b "Toys for the Boys". Asia Pacific Solidarity Network. Archived from the original on 2016-06-23. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
- ^ Human Rights Watch. "Burma Government and Army". Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
- ^ Roman Decker (November 2007). ""Strong and Fast": German Arms in Burma". Archived from the original on 2018-07-25. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
- ^ "Critical Supplies - Special Advisory Council for Myanmar". 14 January 2023.
- ^ a b https://web.archive.org/web/20230412025211/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/216586/1/136_Burma%E2%80%99s_secret_military_partners_%28Canberra_papers_on_strategy_and_defence%29_Andrew_Selth_86p_0731527755.pdf
- ^ Ian McCollum, Rob Stott, Larry Vickers (January 1, 2019). Vickers Guide: Kalashnikov (Volume 2).
((cite book))
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[page needed] - ^ a b "KAREN NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY SITUATION REPORT" (PDF). p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2023.
- ^ "Burma Conflict Blog". www.dictatorwatch.org. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023.
- ^ "Burma Human Rights Handbook" (PDF). 2008. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2022.
- ^ "Inside Myanmar's civil war: A photojournalist's journey to the front …".
- ^ a b Thứ Ba (2014-11-25). "Súng trường MA-1 Mark II của Myanmar vượt trội M16 của Mỹ?, Page 3" (in Vietnamese). Bao Dat Viet. Archived from the original on 2014-12-28. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ^ "無托步槍真香?緬甸山寨97式大批量裝備部隊,亞洲兩國幫了大忙" (in Chinese). 2020-10-22.
- ^ "BURMA'S WMD PROGRAMME AND MILITARY COOPERATION BETWEEN BURMA AND THE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA" (PDF). p. 60. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Burmese Rifle Grenades of the Infantry MA Series of Rifles". 17 August 2018.
- ^ a b c d e "BURMESE SMALL ARMS DEVELOPMENT - Small Arms Review". 26 August 2009.
- ^ Duong Minh (2014-11-23). "Súng trường Myanmar tự làm xuất hiện tại Việt Nam" (in Vietnamese). Soha. Archived from the original on 2018-07-29. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
- ^ https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1176422/1788_1311008144_burma0711-onlineversion.pdf
- ^ a b c Johnson & Nelson (2016), p. 215.
- ^ Roodhorst (2015), p. 1400.
- ^ "这款轻机枪在缅甸战争中使用最为广泛 供弹却常用步枪弹匣而不是弹鼓" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-08-03. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
- ^ a b Roodhorst (2015), p. 1401.
- ^ "MA-4".
- ^ "The Kachin Kalashnikov in Myanmar". 24 July 2018.
- ^ "设计奇葩却很实用的缅甸Ma-4步枪". Sohu.
- ^ "或将在缅甸第77个武装部队日亮相的缅军新式Ma突击步枪".
- ^ "Israel's CAA Industries Ltd suspected to have aided and abetted the Myanmar military's international crimes | Justice for Myanmar".
- ^ a b c d e "不可忽视的战场幽灵 缅甸自制MA-S狙击步枪" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-07-29. Retrieved 2018-07-29.
- ^ "MA-Sniper Development Continues: Production and Issue". 13 September 2018.
- ^ "The MA-Sniper: Early Burmese Army Designated Marksman Rifle Development". 30 August 2018.
- ^ "Burmese MA-Sniper Modified for AARM Marksmanship Competition". 10 September 2018.
Bibliography
[edit]- Johnson, Gary Paul; Nelson, Thomas B. (2016-12-15). The World's Assault Rifles. Ironside International Publishers. ISBN 9781619846012.
- Roodhorst, Cor (2015). The Kalashnikov Encyclopedia: Recognition and Weapon Forensic Guide for Kalashnikov Arms and Derivatives II: Italy–Russia. Netherlands: Roodhorst Publications. ISBN 978-90-9027549-9.
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Primary rifles |
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Assault and battle rifles |
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Carbines |
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Machine guns | |||||||||
Sniper rifles | |||||||||
Submachine guns | |||||||||
Shotguns | |||||||||
Special purpose | |||||||||
Competitors |
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Brands |
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