Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol
The Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol, commonly abbreviated as CIWA or CIWA-Ar (revised version), is a 10-item scale used in the assessment and management of alcohol withdrawal.[1][2] Each item on the scale is scored independently, and the summation of the scores yields an aggregate value that correlates to the severity of alcohol withdrawal, with ranges of scores designed to prompt specific management decisions such as the administration of benzodiazepines. The maximum score is 67; Mild alcohol withdrawal is defined with a score less than or equal to 10, moderate with scores 11 to 15, and severe with any score equal to or greater than 16.
CIWA-Ar
[edit]The CIWA-Ar is actually a shortened, improved version of the CIWA, geared towards objectifying alcohol withdrawal symptom severity. It retains validity, usefulness and reliability between raters.[3] This revised version is the most commonly used scale in alcohol withdrawal, and was developed at the Addiction Research Foundation (now Centre for Addiction and Mental Health).[4]
Scale
[edit]The ten items evaluated on the scale are common symptoms and signs of alcohol withdrawal, and are as follows:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Tremor
- Paroxysmal sweats
- Anxiety
- Agitation
- Tactile disturbances
- Auditory disturbances
- Visual disturbances
- Headache
- Orientation and clouded sensorium
Scoring
[edit]All items are scored from 0–7, with the exception of the orientation category, scored from 0–4. The CIWA scale is validated and has high inter-rater reliability. A randomized, double blind trial published in JAMA in 1994[5] showed that management for alcohol withdrawal that was guided by the CIWA scale resulted in decreased treatment duration and total use of benzodiazepines. The goal of the CIWA scale is to provide an efficient and objective means of assessing alcohol withdrawal. Studies have shown that use of the scale in management of alcohol withdrawal leads to decreased frequency of over-sedation with benzodiazepines in patients with milder alcohol withdrawal than would otherwise be detected without use of the scale, and decreased frequency of under-treatment in patients with greater severity of withdrawal than would otherwise be determined without the scale.[3]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Sullivan, JT; Sykora, K; Schneiderman, J; Naranjo, CA; Sellers, EM (November 1989). "Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: the revised clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar)". British Journal of Addiction. 84 (11): 1353–7. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.489.341. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb00737.x. PMID 2597811.
- ^ Saitz, R; Mayo-Smith, MF; Roberts, MS; Redmond, HA; Bernard, DR; Calkins, DR (17 August 1994). "Individualized treatment for alcohol withdrawal. A randomized double-blind controlled trial". JAMA. 272 (7): 519–23. doi:10.1001/jama.272.7.519. PMID 8046805.
- ^ a b Mayo-Smith, MF (9 July 1997). "Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal. A meta-analysis and evidence-based practice guideline. American Society of Addiction Medicine Working Group on Pharmacological Management of Alcohol Withdrawal". JAMA. 278 (2): 144–51. doi:10.1001/jama.278.2.144. PMID 9214531.
- ^ Sullivan, J. T.; Sykora, K.; Schneiderman, J.; Naranjo, C. A.; Sellers, E. M. (1989). "Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: The revised clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar)". British Journal of Addiction. 84 (11): 1353–7. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb00737.x. PMID 2597811.
- ^ Saitz M, Mayo-Smith MF, Redmond HA, Bernard DR, Calkins DR. Individualized treatment for alcohol withdrawal. A randomized double-blind controlled trial. JAMA 1994;272:519-23.
- ^ Reoux, Joseph P.; Malte, Carol A.; Kivlahan, Daniel R.; Saxon, Andrew J. (20 September 2002). "The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) Predicts Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms During Inpatient Detoxification". Journal of Addictive Diseases. 21 (4): 81–91. doi:10.1300/J069v21n04_08. PMID 12296504. S2CID 34289594.
- ^ Williams, Kendal; Mitchell, Matthew (6 November 2013). "Inpatient Alcohol Withdrawal: Time to Prevent the Preventable?". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 29 (1): 7–9. doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2642-7. PMC 3889962. PMID 24197633.
External links
[edit]- CIWA Score for Alcohol Withdrawal format
- CIWA Score for Alcohol Withdrawal Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine online calculator
- Alcohol Addiction in India
- Alcohol Addiction in India
- Alcohol Addiction in India
- The Essential Handbook of Treatment and Prevention of Alcohol Problems
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