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The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilisation (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) which was centred mostly in the western part of the Indian subcontinent and which flourished around the Indus River basin. Primarily centered along the Indus and the Punjab region, encompassing most of what is now Pakistan, as well as extending into the westernmost states of modern-day India, southeastern Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran.

The mature phase of this civilisation is known as the Harappan civilization, as the first of its cities to be unearthed. Excavation of IVC sites have been ongoing since 1920, with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999.