Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase
carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (acceptor) | |||||||||
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Identifiers | |||||||||
EC no. | 1.2.7.4 | ||||||||
CAS no. | 64972-88-9 | ||||||||
Databases | |||||||||
IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
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In enzymology, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) (EC 1.2.7.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
- CO + H2O + A CO2 + AH2
The chemical process catalyzed by carbon monoxide dehydrogenase is similar to the water-gas shift reaction.
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are CO, H2O, and A, whereas its two products are CO2 and AH2.
A variety of electron donors/receivers (Shown as "A" and "AH2" in the reaction equation above) are observed in micro-organisms which utilize CODH. Several examples of electron transfer cofactors have been proposed, including Ferredoxin, NADP+/NADPH and flavoprotein complexes like flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as well as hydrogenases.[1][2][3][4] CODHs support the metabolisms of diverse prokaryotes, including methanogens, aerobic carboxidotrophs, acetogens, sulfate-reducers, and hydrogenogenic bacteria. The bidirectional reaction catalyzed by CODH plays a role in the carbon cycle allowing organisms to both make use of CO as a source of energy and utilize CO2 as a source of carbon. CODH can form a monofunctional enzyme, as is the case in Rhodospirillum rubrum, or can form a cluster with acetyl-CoA synthase as has been shown in M. thermoacetica. When acting in concert, either as structurally independent enzymes or in a bifunctional CODH/ACS unit, the two catalytic sites are key to carbon fixation in the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway. Microbial organisms (Both aerobic and anaerobic) encode and synthesize CODH for the purpose of carbon fixation (CO oxidation and CO2 reduction). Depending on attached accessory proteins (A,B,C,D-Clusters), serve a variety of catalytic functions, including reduction of [4Fe-4S] clusters and insertion of nickel.[5]
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is carbon-monoxide:acceptor oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include anaerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, carbon monoxide oxygenase, carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase, and carbon-monoxide:(acceptor) oxidoreductase.
Diversity
[edit]CODH are a rather diverse group of enzymes, containing two unrelated types of CODH. A copper-molybdenum flavoenzymes is found in some aerobic carboxydotrophic bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria utilize nickel-iron based CODHs.[6][7][8] Both classes of CODH catalyze the conversion of carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide (CO2). Only the Ni containing CODH is able to also catalyze the back reaction. CODHs exist in both monofunctional and bifunctional forms. An example for the latter case, Ni,Fe-CODHs form a bifunctional cluster with acetyl-CoA synthase, as has been well characterized in the anaerobic bacteria Moorella thermoacetica,[9][10] Clostridium autoethanogenum [11] and Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans [12]. While the ACS subunits of the complex of C. autoethanogenum show a rather extended arrangement [11] those of the M. thermoacetica and C. hydrogenoformans complex are closer to the CODH subunits forming a tight tunnel network connecting cluster C and cluster A.[13][12]
Ni,Fe-CODH
[edit]Nickel containing CODH (Ni,Fe-CODH) can be further divided into structural clades, dependent on their phylogenetic relationship[14]
Structure
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/CODH_M.thermoacetica.jpg/300px-CODH_M.thermoacetica.jpg)
Ni,Fe-CODH
[edit]Homodimeric Ni,Fe-CODHs contain five-metal clusters.[15] They exist either in a homodimeric form (also called monofunctional) or in a bifunctional α2β2-tetrameric complex with acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS).
Monofunctional
[edit]The best studied monofunctional CODHs are those of Desulfovibrio vulgaris,[15] Rhodospirillum rubrum [16][17] and Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans. [18][19][7] They are homodimers of around 130 kDa sharing a central [4Fe4S]-cluster at the surface of the protein - cluster D. The electrons are probably transferred to another [4Fe4S]-cluster (cluster B) located 10 A inside the protein and from there to the active site - cluster C, being an [Ni4Fe4S]-cluster. [7] [17]
Bifunctional
[edit]The CODH/ACS complex is an α2β2 tetrameric enzyme. The structures of CODH/ACS complexes of the anaerobic bacteria Moorella thermoacetica,[9][10] Clostridium autoethanogenum [11] and Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans [12] have been solved. The two CODH subunits form the central core of the enzyme to which an ACS subunit is attached at each side. Each α unit contains a single metal cluster. Together, the two β units contains five clusters of three types. CODH catalytic activity occurs at the Ni-[3Fe-4S] C-clusters while the interior [4Fe-4S] B and D clusters transfer electrons away from the C-cluster to external electron carriers such as ferredoxin. The ACS activity occurs in A-cluster located in the outer two α units.[7][8]
All CODH/ACS complexes have a gas tunnel connecting the multiple active sites, while the tunnel system in the C. autoethanogenum enzyme is comparatively open and those of M. thermoacetica and C. hydrogenoformans rather tight.[9][11][12] For the Moorella enzyme the rate of acetyl-CoA synthase activity from CO2 is not affected by the addition of hemoglobin, which would compete for CO in bulk solution,[13] and isotopic labeling studies show that carbon monoxide derived from the C-cluster is preferentially used at the A-cluster over unlabeled CO in solution.[20] Protein engineering of the CODH/ACS in M.thermoacetica revealed that mutating residues, so as to functionally block the tunnel, stopped acetyl-CoA synthesis when only CO2 was present.[21] The discovery of a functional CO tunnel places CODH on a growing list of enzymes that independently evolved this strategy to transfer reactive intermediates from one active site to another.[22]
Reaction mechanisms
[edit]Ni,Fe-CODH
[edit]The CODH catalytic site, referred to as the C-cluster, is a [3Fe-4S] cluster bonded to a Ni-Fe moiety. Two basic amino acids (Lys587 and His 113 in M.thermoacetica) reside in proximity to the C-cluster and facilitate acid-base chemistry required for enzyme activity.[23] Furthermore, other residues (i.e. an isoleucine apical to the Ni atom) fine-tune the binding and conversion of CO.[24] Based on IR spectra suggesting the presence of an Ni-CO complex, the proposed first step in the oxidative catalysis of CO to CO2 involves the binding of CO to Ni2+ and corresponding complexing of Fe2+ to a water molecule.[25]
It has been proposed that CO binds to square-planar nickel where it converts to a carboxy bridge between the Ni and Fe atom.[7][26] A decarboxylation leads to the release of CO2 and the reduction of the cluster.
The electrons in the reduced C-cluster are transferred to nearby B and D [4Fe-4S] clusters, returning the Ni-[3Fe-4S] C-cluster to an oxidized state and reducing the single electron carrier ferredoxin.[27][28]
Given CODH's role in CO2 fixation, the reductive mechanism is sometimes inferred as the “direct reverse” of the oxidative mechanism by the ”principle of microreversibility.”[29]
Environmental relevance
[edit]Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase regulates atmospheric CO and CO2 levels. Anaerobic micro-organisms like Acetogens undergo the Wood-Ljungdahl Pathway, relying on CODH to produce CO by reduction of CO2 needed for the synthesis of Acetyl-CoA from a methyl, coenzyme a (CoA) and corrinoid iron-sulfur protein.[29] Other types show CODH being utilized to generate a proton motive force for the purposes of energy generation. CODH is used for the CO oxidation, producing two protons which are subsequently reduced to form dihydrogen (H2.[30]
References
[edit]- ^ Buckel W, Thauer RK (2018). "Flavin-Based Electron Bifurcation, Ferredoxin, Flavodoxin, and Anaerobic Respiration With Protons (Ech) or NAD+ (Rnf) as Electron Acceptors: A Historical Review". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 401. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00401. PMC 5861303. PMID 29593673.
- ^ Kracke F, Virdis B, Bernhardt PV, Rabaey K, Krömer JO (December 2016). "Redox dependent metabolic shift in Clostridium autoethanogenum by extracellular electron supply". Biotechnology for Biofuels. 9 (1): 249. doi:10.1186/s13068-016-0663-2. PMC 5112729. PMID 27882076.
- ^ van den Berg WA, Hagen WR, van Dongen WM (February 2000). "The hybrid-cluster protein ('prismane protein') from Escherichia coli. Characterization of the hybrid-cluster protein, redox properties of the [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-2S-2O] clusters and identification of an associated NADH oxidoreductase containing FAD and [2Fe-2S]". European Journal of Biochemistry. 267 (3): 666–676. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01032.x. PMID 10651802.
- ^ Inoue M, Omae K, Nakamoto I, Kamikawa R, Yoshida T, Sako Y (January 2022). "Biome-specific distribution of Ni-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenases". Extremophiles. 26 (1): 9. doi:10.1007/s00792-022-01259-y. PMC 8776680. PMID 35059858.
- ^ Hadj-Saïd J, Pandelia ME, Léger C, Fourmond V, Dementin S (December 2015). "The Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1847 (12): 1574–1583. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.08.002. PMID 26255854.
- ^ Jeoung JH, Fesseler J, Goetzl S, Dobbek H (2014). "Chapter 3. Carbon Monoxide. Toxic Gas and Fuel for Anaerobes and Aerobes: Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases". In Kroneck PM, Torres ME (eds.). The Metal-Driven Biogeochemistry of Gaseous Compounds in the Environment. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 14. Springer. pp. 37–69. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9269-1_3. PMID 25416390.
- ^ a b c d e Dobbek H, Svetlitchnyi V, Gremer L, Huber R, Meyer O (August 2001). "Crystal structure of a carbon monoxide dehydrogenase reveals a [Ni-4Fe-5S] cluster". Science. 293 (5533): 1281–1285. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.1281D. doi:10.1126/science.1061500. PMID 11509720. S2CID 21633407.
- ^ a b Ragsdale S (September 2010). Sigel H, Sigel A (ed.). Metal-Carbon Bonds in Enzymes and Cofactors. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Royal Society of Chemistry. doi:10.1039/9781847559333. ISBN 978-1-84755-915-9.
- ^ a b c Doukov TI, Blasiak LC, Seravalli J, Ragsdale SW, Drennan CL (March 2008). "Xenon in and at the end of the tunnel of bifunctional carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase". Biochemistry. 47 (11): 3474–3483. doi:10.1021/bi702386t. PMC 3040099. PMID 18293927.
- ^ a b Tan X, Volbeda A, Fontecilla-Camps JC, Lindahl PA (April 2006). "Function of the tunnel in acetylcoenzyme A synthase/carbon monoxide dehydrogenase". Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry. 11 (3): 371–378. doi:10.1007/s00775-006-0086-9. PMID 16502006. S2CID 25285535.
- ^ a b c d Lemaire ON, Wagner T (January 2021). "Gas channel rerouting in a primordial enzyme: Structural insights of the carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase complex from the acetogen Clostridium autoethanogenum". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1862 (1): 148330. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148330. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-F1AD-6. PMID 33080205. S2CID 224825917.
- ^ a b c d Ruickoldt J, Basak Y, Domnik L, Jeoung JH, Dobbek H (2022-10-21). "On the Kinetics of CO 2 Reduction by Ni, Fe-CO Dehydrogenases". ACS Catalysis. 12 (20): 13131–13142. doi:10.1021/acscatal.2c02221. ISSN 2155-5435. S2CID 252880285.
- ^ a b Doukov TI, Iverson TM, Seravalli J, Ragsdale SW, Drennan CL (October 2002). "A Ni-Fe-Cu center in a bifunctional carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase". Science. 298 (5593): 567–572. Bibcode:2002Sci...298..567D. doi:10.1126/science.1075843. PMID 12386327. S2CID 39880131.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Inoue M, Nakamoto I, Omae K, Oguro T, Ogata H, Yoshida T, Sako Y (2019-01-17). "Structural and Phylogenetic Diversity of Anaerobic Carbon-Monoxide Dehydrogenases". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 3353. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03353. PMC 6344411. PMID 30705673.
- ^ a b Wittenborn EC, Merrouch M, Ueda C, Fradale L, Léger C, Fourmond V, et al. (October 2018). Clardy J, Cole PA, Clardy J, Rees DC (eds.). "Redox-dependent rearrangements of the NiFeS cluster of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase". eLife. 7: e39451. doi:10.7554/eLife.39451. PMC 6168284. PMID 30277213.
- ^ Ensign SA, Bonam D, Ludden PW (June 1989). "Nickel is required for the transfer of electrons from carbon monoxide to the iron-sulfur center(s) of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum". Biochemistry. 28 (12): 4968–4973. doi:10.1021/bi00438a010. PMID 2504284.
- ^ a b Drennan CL, Heo J, Sintchak MD, Schreiter E, Ludden PW (October 2001). "Life on carbon monoxide: X-ray structure of Rhodospirillum rubrum Ni-Fe-S carbon monoxide dehydrogenase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (21): 11973–11978. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9811973D. doi:10.1073/pnas.211429998. PMC 59822. PMID 11593006.
- ^ Jeoung JH, Dobbek H (July 2009). "Structural basis of cyanide inhibition of Ni, Fe-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (29): 9922–9923. doi:10.1021/ja9046476. PMID 19583208.
- ^ Jeoung JH, Dobbek H (November 2007). "Carbon dioxide activation at the Ni,Fe-cluster of anaerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase". Science. 318 (5855): 1461–1464. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1461J. doi:10.1126/science.1148481. PMID 18048691. S2CID 41063549.
- ^ Seravalli J, Ragsdale SW (February 2000). "Channeling of carbon monoxide during anaerobic carbon dioxide fixation". Biochemistry. 39 (6): 1274–1277. doi:10.1021/bi991812e. PMID 10684606.
- ^ Tan X, Loke HK, Fitch S, Lindahl PA (April 2005). "The tunnel of acetyl-coenzyme a synthase/carbon monoxide dehydrogenase regulates delivery of CO to the active site". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (16): 5833–5839. doi:10.1021/ja043701v. PMID 15839681.
- ^ Weeks A, Lund L, Raushel FM (October 2006). "Tunneling of intermediates in enzyme-catalyzed reactions". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 10 (5): 465–472. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.08.008. PMID 16931112.
- ^ Ragsdale SW (August 2006). "Metals and their scaffolds to promote difficult enzymatic reactions". Chemical Reviews. 106 (8): 3317–3337. doi:10.1021/cr0503153. PMID 16895330.
- ^ Basak Y, Jeoung JH, Domnik L, Ruickoldt J, Dobbek H (2022-10-21). "Substrate Activation at the Ni,Fe Cluster of CO Dehydrogenases: The Influence of the Protein Matrix". ACS Catalysis. 12 (20): 12711–12719. doi:10.1021/acscatal.2c02922. ISSN 2155-5435. S2CID 252788375.
- ^ Chen J, Huang S, Seravalli J, Gutzman H, Swartz DJ, Ragsdale SW, Bagley KA (December 2003). "Infrared studies of carbon monoxide binding to carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase from Moorella thermoacetica". Biochemistry. 42 (50): 14822–14830. doi:10.1021/bi0349470. PMID 14674756.
- ^ Ha SW, Korbas M, Klepsch M, Meyer-Klaucke W, Meyer O, Svetlitchnyi V (April 2007). "Interaction of potassium cyanide with the [Ni-4Fe-5S] active site cluster of CO dehydrogenase from Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (14): 10639–10646. doi:10.1074/jbc.M610641200. PMID 17277357.
- ^ Wang VC, Ragsdale SW, Armstrong FA (2014). "Investigations of the Efficient Electrocatalytic Interconversions of Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide by Nickel-Containing Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases". In Peter M.H. Kroneck, Martha E. Sosa Torres (eds.). The Metal-Driven Biogeochemistry of Gaseous Compounds in the Environment. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 14. Springer. pp. 71–97. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9269-1_4. ISBN 978-94-017-9268-4. PMC 4261625. PMID 25416391.
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- ^ Ensign SA, Ludden PW (September 1991). "Characterization of the CO oxidation/H2 evolution system of Rhodospirillum rubrum. Role of a 22-kDa iron-sulfur protein in mediating electron transfer between carbon monoxide dehydrogenase and hydrogenase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (27): 18395–18403. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)55283-2. PMID 1917963.
Further reading
[edit]- Jeoung JH, Martins BM, Dobbek H (2019). "Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases". In Hu Y (ed.). Metalloproteins. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1876. New York: Springer. pp. 37–54. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8864-8_3. ISBN 9781493988631. PMID 30317473. S2CID 52980499.
- Jeoung JH, Dobbek H (November 2007). "Carbon dioxide activation at the Ni,Fe-cluster of anaerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase". Science. 318 (5855). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1461–1464. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1461J. doi:10.1126/science.1148481. JSTOR 20051712. PMID 18048691. S2CID 41063549.
- Dobbek H, Svetlitchnyi V, Gremer L, Huber R, Meyer O (August 2001). "Crystal structure of a carbon monoxide dehydrogenase reveals a [Ni-4Fe-5S] cluster". Science. 293 (5533): 1281–1285. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.1281D. doi:10.1126/science.1061500. PMID 11509720. S2CID 21633407.* Hegg EL (October 2004). "Unraveling the structure and mechanism of acetyl-coenzyme A synthase". Accounts of Chemical Research. 37 (10): 775–783. doi:10.1021/ar040002e. PMID 15491124. S2CID 29401674.
- Hu Z, Spangler NJ, Anderson ME, Xia J, Ludden PW, Lindahl PA, Münck E (January 1996). "Nature of the C-Cluster in Ni-Containing Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 118 (4): 830–845. doi:10.1021/ja9528386. ISSN 0002-7863.
Aldehyde/oxo oxidoreductases (EC 1.2) | |
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1.2.1: NAD or NADP | |
1.2.2: cytochrome | |
1.2.3: oxygen | |
1.2.4: disulfide | |
1.2.7: iron–sulfur protein |
Activity | |
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Regulation | |
Classification | |
Kinetics | |
Types |
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