Usuari:Gerardduenas/Llista de biblioteques destruïdes
Moltes biblioteques han estat destruïdes al llarg de la història ja sigui deliberadament (a causa de guerres o desacords culturals), o bé accidentalment (com a conseqüència d'incendis, inundacions o desastres naturals). Aquest article en fa una enumeració de les més importants
Per acció humana
[modifica]Imatge | Nom de la biblioteca | Ciutat | Estat | Data de destrucció | Responsable | Motius per a la destrucció |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Palau d'Epang i arxius estatals | Xianyang | Xina Qin | 206 aC | Xiang Yu | Xiang Yu, rebel·lat contra Qin Er Shi, va dirigir les seves tropes cap a Xianyang l'any 206 aC. Va ordenar cremar el palau d'Epang.[1] |
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Biblioteca d'Alexandria | Alexandria | Antic Egipte hel·lenístic | A partir del s. I a. C. | Juli Cèsar | El primer incendi fou durant la Guerra d'Alexandria, quan l'incendi provocat pels romans a les naus del port es propagà a la ciutat i la biblioteca. A partir de llavors, la biblioteca entrà en declivi i patí altres incendis.[2][3] |
Biblioteca d'Antioquia | Antioquia | Antiga Síria | 364 dC | Emperador Jovià[4] | Va ser cremada per part de l'emperador Jovià. | |
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Biblioteca del Serapeum | Alexandria | Antic Egipte hel·lenístic | 392 dC | Teòfil d'Alexandria | La biblioteca va ser cremada per ordre de Teòfil d'Alexandria, sota ordres de Teodosi I, perquè es veia com un símbol del paganisme. |
Biblioteca de Ctesifont | Ctesifont, Khvârvarân | Pèrsia | 651 dC | Invasors àrabs | Els llibres foren llençats a l'Eufrates per ordre de Califa Umar.[5] | |
Biblioteca d'al-Hakam II | Còrdova | Al-Andalus | 976 dC | al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir | Tots els llibres que tractaven de ciència antiga foren destruïts per obtenir el suport dels ultraortodoxes.[6] | |
Biblioteca de Rayy | Rayy | Pèrsia | 1029 AD | Soldà Mahmud de Ghazni | Va cremar la biblioteca i tots els llibres qualificats d'herètics.[7] | |
Biblioteca de Ghazna | Ghazni | Imperi Gúride | 1151 dC | 'Ala ad-Din Husain | La ciutat fou saquejada i cremada durant set dies. Les biblioteques i el palaus construïts pels Ghaznavids foren destruïts.[8] | |
Biblioteca de Nishapur | Nishapur | 1154 AD | Oghuz Turks | La ciutat fou parcialment destruïda, les biblioteques saquejades i cremades.[9] | ||
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Nalanda | Nalanda | India | 1193 AD | Bakhtiyar Khilji | El complex universitari de Nalanda (un dels centres de cultura budista amb més renom de la època) fou saquejat per musulmans turcs invasors. Aquest esdeveniment està considerat com el punt d'inflexió i el principi de la decadència del budisme a la Índia.[10] |
Biblioteca imperial de Constantinople | Constantinople | Imperi Romà d'Orient | 1204 AD | Els croats | L'any 1204, la biblioteca esdevingué un dels objectius dels cavallers de la Quarta Croada. La biblioteca quedà destruïda i els seus continguts cremats o venuts. La gran part de la biblioteca que es va poder salvar va ser absorbida per la biblioteca del Sultà Otomà després que les forces de Mehmed II, Sultà de els turcs otomans, envaís Constantinoble al final del setge del 1453. | |
Casa de la Saviesa | Bagdad | Iraq | 1258 AD | Invasors mongols | Destruïda durant la batalla de Bagdad. Els supervivents explicaren que les aigües del Tigris es tenyiren de negre de les enormes quantitats de llibres que s'hi evocaren. | |
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Madraza de Granada | Granada | Corona de Castella | 1499 AD | Tropes comandades per el Cardenal Cisneros | La biblioteca fou atacada per Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros al final del 1499, els llibres foren traslladats a la Plaza Bib-Rambla, on es van cremar en públic. |
Bibliotheca Corviniana | Ofen | Ottoman Empire | 1526 AD | Troops of the Ottoman Empire. | Library was destroyed by Ottomans.[11] | |
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Glasney College | Penryn, Cornualla (Gran Bretanya) | England | 1548 AD | Royal officials | The smashing and looting of the Cornish colleges at Glasney and Crantock brought an end to the formal scholarship which had helped to sustain the Cornish language and the Cornish cultural identity. |
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Maya codices of the Yucatán | Yucatán | Mexico and Guatemala | 1562-07-12 AD | Diego de Landa | Bishop De Landa, a Franciscan monk and conquistador during the Spanish conquest of Yucatán, wrote: "We found a large number of books in these characters and, as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil, we burned them all, which they (the Maya) regretted to an amazing degree, and which caused them much affliction." Only three extant codices are widely considered unquestionably authentic. |
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Raglan Library | Raglan Castle | Wales | 1646 AD | Parliamentary Army | The Earl of Worcester's library was burnt during the English Civil War by forces under the command of Thomas Fairfax[12] |
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Library of Congress | Washington, D.C. | Estats Units | 1814 | Tropes de l'exèrcit britànic | The library was destroyed during the War of 1812 when British forces set fire to the U.S. Capitol during the Burning of Washington.[13] |
University of Alabama | Tuscaloosa, Alabama | United States | 1865-05-04 AD | Troops of the Unió Army | During the American Civil War, Union troops destroyed most buildings on the University of Alabama campus, including its library of approximately 7.000 volumes.[14] | |
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Royal library of the Kings of Burma | Mandalay Palace | Burma | 1885 - 1887 AD | Troops of the British Army | The British looted the palace at the end of the 3rd Anglo-Burmese War (some of the artefacts which were taken away are still on display in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London)[15] and burned down the royal library. |
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Library of the Catholic University of Leuven | Leuven | Belgium | 1914-08-25 | German Occupation Troops | The Germans set the library on fire as part of the burning of the entire city in an attempt to use terror to quell Belgian resistance to occupation.[16] |
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Public Records Office of Ireland | Dublín | Ireland | 1922 AD | Disputed. Poss. deliberately by Anti-Treaty IRA or accidental ignition of their stored explosives due to shelling by Provisional Government forces.[17] | The Four Courts was occupied by the Anti-Treaty IRA at the start of the Irish Civil War. The building was bombarded by the Provisional Government forces under Mícheál Ó Coileáin.[18] |
Institut für Sexualwissenschaft | Berlin | Nazi Germany | 1933-05-?? | Members of the Deutsche Studentenschaft | On 6 May 1933, the Deutsche Studentenschaft made an organised attack on the Institute of Sex Research. A few days later, the Institute's library and archives were publicly hauled out and burned in the streets of the Opernplatz. | |
National University of Tsing Hua, University Nan-k'ai, Institute of Technology of He-pei, Medical College of He-pei, Agricultural College of He-pei, University Ta Hsia, University Kuang Hua, National University of Hunan | China | 1937 – 1945 AD | World War II Japanese Troops | During World War II, Japanese military forces destroyed or partly destroyed numerous Chinese libraries, including libraries at the National University of Tsing Hua, Peking (lost 200,000 of 350,000 books), the University Nan-k'ai, T'ien-chin (totally destroyed, 224,000 books lost), Institute of Technology of He-pei, T'ien-chin (completely destroyed), Medical College of He-pei, Pao-ting (completely destroyed), Agricultural College of He-pei, Pao-ting (completely destroyed), University Ta Hsia, Shanghai (completely destroyed), University Kuang Hua, Shanghai (completely destroyed), National University of Hunan (completely destroyed).[19] | ||
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Library of the Catholic University of Leuven | Leuven | Belgium | 1940-05-?? AD | German Occupation Troops | Caught fire during German invasion of Louvain, Belgium.[20] |
National Library of Serbia | Belgrad | Yugoslavia | 1941-04-?? AD | Nazi German Luftwaffe | Destroyed during the World War II bombing of Belgrade. | |
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Załuski Library | Varsòvia | Poland | 1944 AD | Nazi German troops | The library was burned down during the Nazi suppression of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. The burning of this library was part of the general setting on fire of a large part of the city of Warsaw.[21] |
National Library of Cambodia | Phnom Penh | Cambodia | 1976 – 1979 AD | The Khmer Rouge[19] | Burnt most of the books and all bibliographical records. Only 20% of materials survived.[19] | |
Jaffna Public Library | Jaffna | Sri Lanka | 1981-05-?? AD | Plainclothes police officers and others | In May 1981 a mob composed of thugs and plainclothes police officers went on a rampage in minority Tamil-dominated northern Jaffna, and burned down the Jaffna Public Library. At least 95,000 volumes – the second largest library collection in South Asia – were destroyed.[22] | |
Sikh Reference Library | Punjab | India | 1984-06-07 AD | Troops acting under Indira Gandhi's orders | Before its destruction, the library contained rare books and handwritten manuscripts on Sikh religion, history, and culture[23] It could have been a desperate act on failure to locate letters or documents that could have implicated the then Indian government and its leader Indira Gandhi [24] | |
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Central University Library of Bucharest | Bucharest | Romania | 1989-12-2? CE | Romanian Land Forces | Burnt down during the Romanian Revolution.[25][26] |
Oriental Institute in Sarajevo | Sarajevo | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1992-05-17 AD | Bosnian Serb Army | Destroyed by the shellfire during the Siege of Sarajevo. | |
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National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina | Sarajevo | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1992-08-25 AD | Bosnian Serb Army | The library was completely destroyed during the Siege of Sarajevo.[27] |
Abkhazian Research Institute of History, Language and Literature & National Library of Abkhazia | Sukhumi | Abkhazia | 1992-10-?? AD | Georgian Armed Forces | Destroyed during the War in Abkhazia.[30] | |
Pol-i-Khomri Public Library | Pol-i-Khomri | Afganistan | 1998 AD | Taliban militia | It held 55,000 books and old manuscripts.[31] | |
Iraq National Library and Archive, Al-Awqaf Library, Central Library of the University of Baghdad, Library of Bayt al-Hikma, Central Library of the University of Mosul and other libraries | Baghdad | Iraq | 2003-04-?? AD | Unknown members of the Bagdad population | Several libraries looted, set on fire, damaged and destroyed in various degrees during the 2003 Iraq War.[32][33][34][35][36] | |
Egyptian Scientific Institute | El Caire | Egipte | 2011-12-?? AD | A first estimate says that only 30,000 volumes have been saved of a total of 200,000.[37] | ||
Ahmed Baba Institute (Timbuktu library) | Timbuktu | Mali | 2013-01-28 AD | Islamists militia | The library was burned down, it contained over 20,000 manuscripts with only a fraction of them having been scanned as of January 2013.[38][39][40] | |
Libraries of Fisheries and Oceans Canada | Canada | 2013 AD | Government of Canada headed by prime minister Stephen Harper | Alleged digitization effort to reduce the nine original libraries to seven and save $C443,000 annual cost.[41] It is alleged that only 5–6% of the material was digitized, and that scientific records and research created at a taxpayer cost of tens of millions of dollars was dumped, burned, and given away.[42] Particularly noted are baseline data important to ecological research, and data from 19th century exploration. | ||
Saeh Library | Trípoli | Líban | 3 de gener de 2014 | Unknown | The library was burned down, it contained over 80.000 manuscripts and books.[43][44][45][46] | |
National Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina (partially) | Sarajevo | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2014-02-07 AD | Unknown | During the 2014 unrest in Bosnia and Herzegovina large amounts of historical documents were destroyed when sections of the Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina, housed in the presidential building, were set on fire. Among the lost archival material were documents and gifts from the Ottoman period, original documents from the 1878-1918 Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as documentations of the interwar period, the 1941-1945 rule of the Independent State of Croatia, papers from the following years, and about 15000 files from the 1996-2003 Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina.[47][48]
In the repositories that were burnt, about 60 percent of the material was lost, according to estimates by Šaban Zahirović, the head of the Archives.[49] |
Natural disasters
[modifica]Image | Name of Library | City | Country | Date of Destruction | Causes and/or Account of Destruction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imperial University Library in Tokyo, Max Müller Library, Nishimura Library, Hoshino Library | Japan | 1923-09-?? AD | An earthquake and the following fires.[19] | ||
National Library of Nicaragua Rubén Darío | Nicaragua | 1931 AD, 1972 AD | It was damaged in the 1931 earthquake. Another earthquake in 1972 caused damages; furthermore, it was looted.[50] | ||
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Several libraries, archives, and museums | India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Thailand, Sri Lanka | 2004-12-?? AD | The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. See Library damage resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. |
Fire
[modifica]- University of Copenhagen Library (Copenhagen) – October 1728
- Cotton Library (Huntingdon, England UK) – 23 October 1731
- Library of Congress (Washington, D.C. USA) – 25 August 1814
- Birmingham Central Library (Birmingham, England) – 1879
- University of Virginia Library (Charlottesville, Virginia USA) – 27 October 1895
- New York State Library (Albany, New York USA) – 29 March 1911
- British Library (London, England UK) – World War II
- Jewish Theological Seminary library fire (New York City) – April 18, 1966
- Charles A. Halbert Public Library – 1982[51]
- Dalhousie University Law Library (Halifax, Nova Scotia) – August 1985
- Los Angeles Central Library (Los Angeles, California USA) – 29 April and 3 September 1986
- Academy of Sciences Library (Leningrad, USSR) – 14 April 1988
- Iraq National Library (Baghdad, Iraq) – 15 April 2003
- Duchess Anna Amalia Library (Weimar (Turíngia), Germany) – 2 September 2004
See also
[modifica]- Book burning
- List of book-burning incidents
- The Enemies of Books
- Rongorongo#Destruction
- Library damage resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
- List of libraries damaged during World War II
- Planned destruction of Warsaw
- Siege of Sarajevo (1992-1996)
- List of destroyed heritage
References
[modifica]- ↑ Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian, Biography of Emperor Gaozu.
- ↑ The Alexandrian Library"
- ↑ Lewis, Bernard. "The Vanished Library". The New York Review of Books. 37(14). 27 September 1990.
- ↑ Albrecht, Michael von & Schmeling, Gareth L. (1997) A History of Roman Literature; p. 1744
- ↑ John, Pedler. A Word Before Leaving: A Former Diplomat's Weltanschauung (en anglès). Troubador Publishing Ltd, 2015, pàg. 265. ISBN 9781784622237 [Consulta: 4 gener 2015].
- ↑ Ann Christy, Christians in Al-Andalus:711–1000, (Curzon Press, 2002), 142.
- ↑ "Moslem Libraries and Sectarian Propaganda", Ruth Stellhorn Mackensen, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 51, No. 2 (January, 1935), 93–94.
- ↑ C.E. Bosworth, The Later Ghaznavids, (Columbia University Press, 1977), 117.
- ↑ The Tomb of Omar Khayyâm, George Sarton, Isis, Vol. 29, No. 1 (July, 1938):16.
- ↑ Sen, Gertrude Emerson (1964) The Story of Early Indian Civilization. Orient Longmans
- ↑ (DE)Edit Szegedi, Geschichtsbewusstsein und Gruppenidentität, (Bohlau Verlag, 2002), 223.
- ↑ Johnson, Paul. «Raglan Castle and the Civil War». Castlewales. [Consulta: 16 juliol 2010].
- ↑ «Jefferson's Legacy: A Brief History of the Library of Congress». Library of Congress, 06-03-2006. [Consulta: 14 gener 2008].
- ↑ Wolfe, Suzanne Rau. The University of Alabama: A Pictorial History. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 1983, p. 57–59.
- ↑ Bird, George W. Wanderings in Burma. Londres: F. J. Bright & Son, 1897, p. 254.
- ↑ Kramer, Alan. Dynamic of Destruction: culture and mass killing in the First World War. Londres: Penguin, 2008. ISBN 978-1-84614-013-6.Gibson, Craig «The culture of destruction in the First World War». Times Literary Supplement, 30-01-2008.
- ↑ Hill, J. R.. A New History of Ireland Volume VII: Ireland 1921-84. Oxford University Press, 2003, p. Chapter II p2. ISBN 978-0-19-161559-7.
- ↑ Ferriter, Diarmaid. The Limits of Liberty – Episode 1. RTÉ, 2010.
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 Lost Memory — Libraries and Archived Destroyed in the Twentieth Century (Arxivat a WebCite)
- ↑ University of Louvain, International Dictionary of University Histories, ed. Carol J. Summerfield, Mary Elizabeth Devine, Anthony Levi, (Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998), 531.
- ↑ Rebecca Knuth. Burning Books and Leveling Libraries: extremist violence and cultural destruction. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2006, p. 166. ISBN 0-275-99007-9.
- ↑ Knuth, Rebecca (2006-06-27). "Destroying a Symbol: Checkered History of Sri Lanka's Jaffna Public Library" (PDF). , IFLA [Consulta: 30 agost 2008]
- ↑ Kaur, Jaskaran; Crossette, Barbara (2006).|http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf
- ↑ http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000612/main7.htm
- ↑ The Central University Library of Bucharest, official site: "the History".
- ↑ "Legea recunoştinţei, made in Romania", Evenimentul Zilei, 03 June 2010.
- ↑ 27,0 27,1 Collection of articles and studies on destruction of libraries and archives in Bosnia and Herzegovina (available for download in .pdf)
- ↑ Erasing the Past: The Destruction of Libraries and Archives in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Arxivat a WebCite)
- ↑ Crimes of war, crimes of peace: destruction of libraries during and after the Balkan wars of the 1990s (Arxivat a WebCite)
- ↑ Abkhazia: Cultural Tragedy Revisited, Caucasus Reporting Service, Institute for War and Peace Reporting
- ↑ Censorship of historical thought: a world guide, 1945–2000, Antoon de Baets
- ↑ Prized Iraqi annals 'lost in blaze' (Arxivat a WebCite)
- ↑ Photos of the Iraq National Library 2003–08
- ↑ PICTURES OF DAMAGED LIBRARIES IN IRAQ
- ↑ Middle East Librarians Association Committee on Iraqi Libraries
- ↑ Assessment of damage to Libraries and Archives in Iraq
- ↑ Un incendio durante los disturbios de El Cairo destruye el original de la 'Descripción de Egipto' encargada por Napoleón (Arxivat a WebCite)
- ↑ Harding, Luke. «Timbuktu mayor: Mali rebels torched library of historic manuscripts». The Guardian, 28-01-2013. [Consulta: 28 gener 2013].
- ↑ Walker, Peter. «Timbuktu library is treasure house of centuries of Malian history». The Guardian, 28-01-2013. [Consulta: 28 gener 2013].
- ↑ Fleeing Islamists burn priceless Timbuktu library, accessed 29 January 2013
- ↑ Andrew Nikiforuk «Secret Memo Casts Doubt on Feds' Claims for Science Library Closures: Goal stated is 'culling' research, not preserving and sharing through digitization». The Tyee, 30-12-2013.
- ↑ «Irreplaceable research lost from purged federal libraries: BC Green Party MLA Andrew Weaver says government didn’t digitize entire libraries as promised». News1130, 06-01-2014.
- ↑ «Lebanon Loses 78000 Books To Terrorism: Tripoli’s "Al Sa’eh" Library Burned». .
- ↑ «Thousands of books, manuscripts torched in fire at historic Lebanese library». .
- ↑ «Tripoli Figures Condemn Torching Famed Library as Father Sarrouj 'Forgives Attackers'». .
- ↑ «20 Pictures Of Al Sa’eh Library in Tripoli Before It Got Torched». .
- ↑ «Ogromna šteta, dio dokumentacije nepovratno uništen». tportal.hr, 13-02-2014 [Consulta: 19 febrer 2014].
- ↑ «Nepovratno uništen deo Arhiva BiH». B92, 13-02-2014 [Consulta: 19 febrer 2014].
- ↑ «Direktor Arhiva BiH tvrdi: Izgorjelo je 60 posto depoa». Oslobođenje, 13-02-2014 [Consulta: 17 febrer 2014].
- ↑ Biblioteca Nacional Rubén Darío (castellà)
- ↑ Charles A. Halbert Public Library (Arxivat a WebCite)
Further reading
[modifica]- The Bosnian Manuscript Ingathering Project - A call for Bosnian manuscripts ingathering
- Polastron, Lucien X. (2007) Libros en Llamas: historia de la interminable destrucción de bibliotecas. Libraria, ISBN 968-16-8398-6.[1]
- Prieto Gutiérrez, Juan José. Plan de evacuación del patrimonio documental en bibliotecas.[2]
- Knuth, Rebecca. Libricide : the regime-sponsored destruction of books and libraries in the twentieth century. ISBN 0-275-98088-X
- Polastron, Lucien X. Books on fire: the destruction of libraries throughout history. ISBN 978-1-59477-167-5
- Civallero, Edgardo. When Memory Turns into Ashes... Memoricide During the XX Century'.' DOI. (Arxivat a WebCite)
- UNESCO. Lost Memory – Libraries and archives destroyed in the twentieth century (Arxivat a WebCite)
- Books on Fire: The Destruction of Libraries Throughout History. Lucien Xavier Polastron. Translated by John E Graham. Inner Traditions. ISBN 978-1-59477-167-5. ISBN 1-59477-167-7.
Enllaços externs
[modifica]- The Bosnian Manuscript Ingathering Project
- The threat to world heritage in Iraq: heritage destroyed (Arxivat a WebCite)
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