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Grup espacial

En matemàtiques i física, un grup espacial o grup d'espai és el grup de simetria d'una configuració en l'espai, en general en tres dimensions.[1] En tres dimensions, hi ha 219 tipus diferents, o 230 si les còpies quirals es consideren diferents. Els grups d'espai també s'estudien en dimensions diferents a 3 on de vegades es diuen grups Bieberbach, i són grups cocompactes discrets d'isometries d'un espai euclidià orientat.

En cristal·lografia, grups d'espai també es diuen els grups cristal·logràfics o Fedorov, i representen una descripció de la simetria del cristall. Una font definitiva pel que fa als grups d'espai de 3 dimensions és les International Tables for Crystallography (Taules Internacionals per Cristal·lografia, Hahn (2002)).

Grups espacials en altres dimensions

Teoremes de Bieberbach

Classificació en dimensions petites

Grups magnètics i la inversió del temps

Taula de grups espacials en 3 dimensions

# Sistema cristal·lí
(compte)
Xarxa de Bravais
Grup puntual Grups espacials (símbol curt internacional)
Intl Schön. Notació orbifold Cox. Ord.
1 Triclínic
(2)
1 C1 11 [ ]+ 1 P1
2 1 Ci [2+,2+] 2 P1
3–5 Monoclínic
(13)
2 C₂ 22 [2]+ 2 P2, P21
C2
6–9 m Cs *11 [ ] 2 Pm, Pc
Cm, Cc
10–15 2/m C2h 2* [2,2+] 4 P2/m, P21/m
C2/m, P2/c, P21/c
C2/c
16–24 Ortoròmbic
(59)

222 D₂ 222 [2,2]+ 4 P222, P2221, P21212, P212121, C2221, C222, F222, I222, I212121
25–46 mm2 C2v *22 [2] 4 Pmm2, Pmc21, Pcc2, Pma2, Pca21, Pnc2, Pmn21, Pba2, Pna21, Pnn2
Cmm2, Cmc21, Ccc2, Amm2, Aem2, Ama2, Aea2
Fmm2, Fdd2
Imm2, Iba2, Ima2
47–74 mmm D2h *222 [2,2] 8 Pmmm, Pnnn, Pccm, Pban, Pmma, Pnna, Pmna, Pcca, Pbam, Pccn, Pbcm, Pnnm, Pmmn, Pbcn, Pbca, Pnma
Cmcm, Cmce, Cmmm, Cccm, Cmme, Ccce
Fmmm, Fddd
Immm, Ibam, Ibca, Imma
75–80 Tetragonal
(68)

4 C₄ 44 [4]+ 4 P4, P41, P4₂, P4₃, I4, I41
81–82 4 S₄ [2+,4+] 4 P4, I4
83–88 4/m C4h 4* [2,4+] 8 P4/m, P4₂/m, P4/n, P4₂/n
I4/m, I41/a
89–98 422 D₄ 224 [2,4]+ 8 P422, P4212, P4122, P41212, P4₂22, P4₂212, P4₃22, P4₃212
I422, I4122
99–110 4mm C4v *44 [4] 8 P4mm, P4bm, P4₂cm, P4₂nm, P4cc, P4nc, P4₂mc, P4₂bc
I4mm, I4cm, I41md, I41cd
111–122 42m D2d 2*2 [2+,4] 8 P42m, P42c, P421m, P421c, P4m2, P4c2, P4b2, P4n2
I4m2, I4c2, I42m, I42d
123–142 4/mmm D4h *224 [2,4] 16 P4/mmm, P4/mcc, P4/nbm, P4/nnc, P4/mbm, P4/mnc, P4/nmm, P4/ncc, P4₂/mmc, P4₂/mcm, P4₂/nbc, P4₂/nnm, P4₂/mbc, P4₂/mnm, P4₂/nmc, P4₂/ncm
I4/mmm, I4/mcm, I41/amd, I41/acd
143–146 Trigonal
(25)
3 C₃ 33 [3]+ 3 P3, P31, P3₂
R3
147–148 3 S₆ [2+,6+] 6 P3, R3
149–155 32 D₃ 223 [2,3]+ 6 P312, P321, P3112, P3121, P3₂12, P3₂21
R32
156–161 3m C3v *33 [3] 6 P3m1, P31m, P3c1, P31c
R3m, R3c
162–167 3m D3d 2*3 [2+,6] 12 P31m, P31c, P3m1, P3c1
R3m, R3c
168–173 Hexagonal
(27)
6 C₆ 66 [6]+ 6 P6, P61, P6₅, P6₂, P6₄, P6₃
174 6 C3h 3* [2,3+] 6 P6
175–176 6/m C6h 6* [2,6+] 12 P6/m, P6₃/m
177–182 622 D₆ 226 [2,6]+ 12 P622, P6122, P6₅22, P6₂22, P6₄22, P6₃22
183–186 6mm C6v *66 [6] 12 P6mm, P6cc, P6₃cm, P6₃mc
187–190 6m2 D3h *223 [2,3] 12 P6m2, P6c2, P62m, P62c
191–194 6/mmm D6h *226 [2,6] 24 P6/mmm, P6/mcc, P6₃/mcm, P6₃/mmc
195–199 Cubic
(36)


23 T 332 [3,3]+ 12 P23, F23, I23
P213, I213
200–206 m3 Th 3*2 [3+,4] 24 Pm3, Pn3, Fm3, Fd3, Im3, Pa3, Ia3
207–214 432 O 432 [3,4]+ 24 P432, P4₂32
F432, F4132
I432
P4₃32, P4132, I4132
215–220 43m Td *332 [3,3] 24 P43m, F43m, I43m
P43n, F43c, I43d
221–230 m3m Oh *432 [3,4] 48 Pm3m, Pn3n, Pm3n, Pn3m
Fm3m, Fm3c, Fd3m, Fd3c
Im3m, Ia3d

Referències

  1. Hiller, Howard «Crystallography and cohomology of groups». Amer. Math. Monthly, 93, 1986, pàg. 765–779. DOI: 10.2307/2322930.
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Grup espacial
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