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Lijevi centar

Crvena zastava, simbol pokreta ljevice i lijevog centra
Crvena ruža, simbol demokratije i anti-autoritarizma u načinu djelovanja protiv društvenih nepravdi[1][2][3]

Lijevi centar ili umjerena ljevica, u političkoj teoriji, je naziv za poziciju na političkom spektru.

Označava političke ideje, političke stranke i političke pokrete koji po svojim temeljnim programskim određenjima pripadaju političkoj ljevici, ali u svojoj praktičnoj platformi imaju dosta kompromisnih sadržaja što ih približava političkom centru, te ih se zbog toga ne može nazvati političkom ljevicom u klasičnom smislu.

Političke stranke i organizacije koje se smatraju lijevim centrom najčešće nastoje pronaći kompromis između socijalno-odgovornih i pragmatičnih sadržaja u svojim programima. Od njih su najpoznatije stranke, organizacije i pokreti socijaldemokratske orijentacije, koji se najčešće nazivaju lijevim centrom.

Pojam lijevog centra se često koristi i za opis koalicije koju čine stranke ljevice i centra.

Lijevi centar na političkom spektru predstavlja ljevicu okrenutu političkom pragmatizmu.[4][5] Pragmatična politika lijevog centra se usmjerava samo na minimalni program, kojim u okviru ustanova predstavničke, parlamentarne demokratije i tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije nastoji sprovesti djelimičnu promjenu putem aktivne ekonomske uloge javnog sektora, javnih institucija i servisa koji bi trebalo da rade na ublažavanju nepravdi koje nanosi neregulirani, liberalni model kapitalizma.[6][7][8][9][10][11] Praktično ostvarenje takve djelimične promjene u okviru ustanova parlamentarne demokratije i tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije uobičajeno se naziva socijalno odgovornom državom ili državom blagostanja.[8][12][13][14][15] Lijevi centar se smatra umjerenom strujom u suvremenom ljevičarskom pokretu.[16][17][18][19]

Karakteristike

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Obilježja lijevog centra:[11][20][21]

  • ostvarenje, poštivanje, zaštita i unapređenje temeljnih ljudskih prava i sloboda, bez diskriminacije na bilo kojoj osnovi, kao što su: rasa, boja kože, društveno podrijetlo, nacionalno podrijetlo, etnička pripadnost, veza sa manjinskim narodom ili manjinskom zajednicom, jezik, vjera ili uvjerenje, političko ili drugo mišljenje, članstvo u političkoj, sindikalnoj ili drugoj organizaciji, spol, rodni identitet, seksualna orijentacija, spolne karakteristike, bračni ili obiteljski status, rođenje, starosna dob, društveni status, imovinsko stanje, genetičke karakteristike, zdravstveno stanje, invaliditet ili drugo osobno svojstvo;
  • ostvarenje i razvijanje demokratskih institucija, vladavine zakona i socijalne odgovornosti;
  • razvijanje prava i sloboda zapostavljenih i obespravljenih pojedinaca, društvenih skupina i slojeva;
  • razvijanje prava ljudi na rad, sindikalno organiziranje, zdravstvenu skrb, obrazovanje i socijalnu skrb;
  • održivi ekonomski razvoj, uz razvijanje ravnomjernog razvoja urbanih i ruralnih područja;
  • afirmiranje rodne ravnopravnosti;
  • razvijanje pluralističkog i solidarnog društva koje unapređuje kvalitet života za radnice i radnike, ugrožene slojeve i cjelokupno društvo;
  • ubrzavanje društvenog i znanstveno-tehnološkog napretka;
  • afirmiranje načela svjetovnosti;
  • unapređenje uravnoteženosti lokalnog i regionalnog razvoja;
  • zaštita kulturnog i prirodnog nasljeđa, te okoliša i životinja;
  • promoviranje mirnog i diplomatskog načina rješavanja sporova i sukoba;
  • korištenje demokratskih i nenasilnih parlamentarnih i izvanparlamentarnih oblika djelovanja i opiranje svim nedemokratskim, autoritarnim i totalitarnim oblicima djelovanja.

Umjerena progresivna stranka u matičnom toku zemlje koja je zasnovana na parlamentarnoj demokratiji i tržišnoj kapitalističkoj ekonomiji, sa glasačkim tijelom kako u nižoj klasi tako i u srednjoj klasi, mogla bi biti opisana kao politička stranka lijevog centra.[22][23] Dok bi stranka sa većim zahtjevima i ciljevima, koja ima glasačko tijelo među onim dijelom malobrojnije, ali svjesnije srednje i niže klase, fizičke i intelektualne, te sa historijom podrške i učešća u emancipacijskim i progresivnim pokretima, mogla biti opisana kao stranka radikalnije, nove ljevice.[24][25][26][27]

Političke stranke lijevog centra, kao i druge suvremene ljevičarske stranke, uobičajeno ističu sljedeće vrijednosti:[28]

  • sloboda — ne samo ljudske slobode, nego i sloboda od diskriminacije, sloboda demokratskog sudjelovanja i sloboda od zavisnosti, ekstremnog siromaštva, straha i zlouporabe političke, ekonomske i druge moći i položaja;
  • jednakost — ne samo pred zakonom, nego i jednake šanse i mogućnosti za sve ljude u raznim oblastima života, bez obzira na identitetske različitosti, uključujući i one osobe sa poteškoćama bilo koje vrste;
  • solidarnost — pokazivanje razumijevanja i saosjećanja prema osobama koje su žrtve nekog oblika diskriminacije, nepravde, neravnopravnosti ili nezgodnog sticaja okolnosti, te osobna spremnost zajedničkog djelovanja sa drugima na pronalaženju načina za umanjivanje i sprječavanje takvih pojava. Ovo načelo podrazumijeva i razvijanje institucionalnih oblika solidarnosti, te internacionalne solidarnosti.
Clement Attlee, umjereni ljevičar i premijer Velike Britanije (1945-1951)
Vili Brant, umjereni ljevičar i kancelar Nemačke (1969-1974)
Ulof Palme, umjereni ljevičar i premijer Švedske (1969-1976 i 1982-1986)
Helen Klark, umjerena ljevičarka i premijerka Novog Zelanda (1999-2008)

Lijevi centar se opire svakom obliku autoritarizma i jednopartizma.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Stoga, lijevi centar se opire konceptima jednopartijske vladavine takozvanih komunističkih partija 20. stoljeća.[37][38][39]

Popis političkih stranaka lijevog centra i umjerene ljevice

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  • Laburistička stranka (Velika Britanija)
  • Laburistička stranka (Norveška)
  • Laburistička stranka (Irska)
  • Australijska laburistička stranka
  • Socijaldemokratska stranka Njemačke
  • Socijaldemokratska stranka Austrije
  • Socijaldemokratska stranka Švicarske
  • Socijaldemokratska stranka Finske
  • Socijaldemokratska stranka Švedske
  • Socijaldemokrati (Danska)
  • Smjer — socijaldemokracija (Slovačka)
  • Češka socijaldemokratska stranka
  • Demokratska stranka (Srbija)
  • Socijaldemokratski savez Makedonije
  • Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske
  • Socijaldemokrati (Slovenija)
  • Socijaldemokratska partija Crne Gore
  • Socijaldemokratska partija Bosne i Hercegovine
  • Socijalistička stranka (Belgija)
  • Panhelenski socijalistički pokret (Grčka)
  • Španska socijalistička radnička stranka
  • Socijalistička stranka (Francuska)
  • Demokratska stranka (Italija)
  • Socijalistička stranka (Portugal)
  • Stranka europskih socijalista
  • Radnička stranka (Brazil)

Popis političara lijevog centra i umjerene ljevice

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  • Martti Ahtisaari[40]
  • Raúl Alfonsín
  • Clement Attlee[41]
  • Pavel Axelrod
  • Otto Bauer
  • Eduard Bernstein[42]
  • Rubén Berríos[43]
  • Hermes Binner
  • Léon Blum
  • Rodrigo Borja Cevallos[44]
  • Willy Brandt[45]
  • Hjalmar Branting[46]
  • Leonel Brizola
  • Ed Broadbent[47]
  • Walt Brown
  • Gro Harlem Brundtland
  • Fernando Henrique Cardoso[48]
  • Ingvar Carlsson[49]
  • Helen Clark[50]
  • Major James Coldwell[51]
  • Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
  • Mário Covas
  • Juan Dalmau Ramírez
  • Fedor Dan
  • Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
  • Kemal Derviş[52]
  • Tommy Douglas[47]
  • Ruth Dreifuss[53]
  • Bülent Ecevit[54]
  • Tage Erlander[55]
  • Carlos Garaikoetxea
  • Einar Gerhardsen
  • Felipe Gonzalez
  • Mikhail Gorbachev[56]
  • Per Albin Hansson[57]
  • Bob Hawke
  • L. T. Hobhouse
  • J. A. Hobson
  • Toomas H. Ilves[58]
  • Erdal Inonu[59]
  • Jean Jaurès
  • Paul Keating[60]
  • Friedrich Kellner[61]
  • Norman Kirk[62]
  • Wim Kok
  • Etbin Kristan
  • Dennis Kucinich
  • Robert Kuttner[63]
  • Oskar Lafontaine[64]
  • Ricardo Lagos
  • Mark Latham
  • Jack Layton[65]
  • Julius Leber[66]
  • René Lévesque
  • David Lewis[47]
  • Stephen Lewis
  • Trygve Lie
  • Wilhelm Liebknecht[67]
  • Anna Lindh
  • Paavo Lipponen
  • Ramsay Macdonald
  • Nelson Mandela[68]
  • Julius Martov
  • Walter Nash
  • Obafemi Awolowo
  • Olof Palme[69]
  • Andreas Papandreou[70]
  • Göran Persson[71]
  • Louis Pio
  • Georgi Plekhanov[72]
  • Karl Polanyi
  • Jože Pučnik
  • Ivica Račan
  • Ivo Josipović
  • Poul Nyrup Rasmussen[73]
  • Ségolène Royal[74]
  • Kevin Rudd[75]
  • August Rei[76]
  • Manuel Rosales[77]
  • Alex Salmond
  • Giuseppe Saragat[78]
  • Michael Joseph Savage[79]
  • Max Shachtman
  • Lim Kit Siang
  • Karpal Singh
  • Thorvald Stauning[80]
  • Norman Thomas
  • Gough Whitlam
  • J. S. Woodsworth[81]
  • Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero[82]
  • Vera Zasulich

Povezano

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Izvori

[uredi | uredi izvor]
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  • "Encyclopædia Britannica: Wilhelm Liebknecht".

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