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تشميس

Annual mean insolation at the top of Earth's atmosphere (top) and at the planet's surface
US annual average solar energy received by a latitude tilt photovoltaic cell (modeled)
Average insolation in Europe

التشميس (بالإنجليزية: Insolation)‏ هو مقياس لطاقة الإشعاع الشمسي المستلمة على مساحة معينة وسجلت خلال وقت معين. ويسمى أيضا الإشعاع الشمسي. والوحدة التي أوصت بها المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية هي الميغاجول للمتر المربع الواحد(MJ/m2) أو جول في كل مليمتر مربع (J/mm2).[1] الممارسين في مجال الطاقة الشمسية ممكن أن يستخدموا وحدة واط ساعة للمتر المربع الواحد (Wh/m2). إذا تم تقسيم هذه الطاقة حسب وقت التسجيل في ساعات، تسمى كثافة الطاقة حينئذ التشيع، التي يعرب عنها واط لكل متر مربع (W/m2).

تشميس الأرض

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Solar radiation map of Africa and Middle East
A مقياس الإشعاع السماوي, a component of a temporary remote meteorological station, measures insolation on Skagit Bay، واشنطن (ولاية).

توزيع التشمس في الجزء العلوي من الغلاف الجوي

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Spherical triangle for application of the spherical law of cosines for the calculation the solar zenith angle Θ for observer at latitude φ and longitude λ from knowledge of the hour angle h and solar declination δ. (δ is latitude of subsolar point, and h is relative longitude of subsolar point).
, the theoretical daily-average insolation at the top of the atmosphere, where θ is the polar angle of the Earth's orbit, and θ = 0 at the vernal equinox, and θ = 90° at the summer solstice; φ is the latitude of the Earth. The calculation assumed conditions appropriate for 2000 A.D.: a solar constant of S0 = 1367 W m−2, obliquity of ε = 23.4398°, longitude of perihelion of ϖ = 282.895°, eccentricity e = 0.016704. Contour labels (green) are in units of W m−2.
Past and future of daily average insolation at top of the atmosphere on the day of the summer solstice, at 65 N latitude. The green curve is with eccentricity e hypothetically set to 0. The red curve uses the actual (predicted) value of e. Blue dot is current conditions, at 2 ky A.D.

التطبيقات

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Insolation variation by month; 1984-1993 averages for January (top) and April (bottom)
Conversion factor (multiply top row by factor to obtain side column)
W/m2 kW·h/(m2·day) sun hours/day kWh/(m2·y) kWh/(kWp·y)
W/m2 1 41.66666 41.66666 0.1140796 0.1521061
kW·h/(m2·day) 0.024 1 1 0.0027379 0.0036505
sun hours/day 0.024 1 1 0.0027379 0.0036505
kWh/(m2·y) 8.765813 365.2422 365.2422 1 1.333333
kWh/(kWp·y) 6.574360 273.9316 273.9316 0.75 1

انظر أيضا

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مراجع

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وصلات خارجية

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تشميس
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