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Rigveda


Rigveda
Die vier Vedas.
Die vier Vedas.
Godsdiens Hindoeïsme
Taal Sanskrit
Tydperk c. 1500-1000 v.C.
Inhoud
Hoofstukke 10 mandalas
Verse 10 552 mantras
’n Rigveda-manuskrip in Devanagari, vroeg 19de eeu.

Die Rigveda of Rig Veda (Sanskrit: ऋग्वेद, van ऋच् ṛc, "lof", en वेद veda, "kennis") is ’n antieke Indiese versameling Sanskrit-gesange. Dit is een van die vier kanonieke heilige geskrifte (śruti) van Hindoeïsme wat as die Vedas bekend is.[1][2]

Die Rigveda is die oudste bekende Vediese Sanskrit-geskrif[3] en een van die oudste bestaande geskrifte in enige Indo-Europese taal.[4] Die inhoud van die Rigveda is sedert die 2de millennium v.C. mondeling oorgedra.[5][6][7] Filologiese en histories linguistiese bewyse dui daarop dat die grootste deel in die noordwestelike streek van die Indiese subkontinent saamgestel is, heel moontlik tussen omstreeks 1500 en 1000 v.C.,[8][9] hoewel omstreeks 1700 tot 1000 v.C. ook al aangedui is.[10]

Die geskrifte bestaan uit verskillende dele, die Samhita, Brahmanas, Aranyakas en Upanishads. Die Rigveda Samhita is die kernteks; dit is ’n versameling van 10 boeke (mandalas) met 1 028 gesange (suktas) in sowat 10 600 verse (ṛc). In die agt boeke wat eerste saamgestel is – Boek 2 tot 9 – bespreek die gesange hoofsaaklik kosmologie en prys gode.[11][12] Die onlangser boeke – Boek 1 en 10 – behandel deels ook filosofiese en spekulatiewe vrae,[12] deugde soos dana (welsyn) in die gemeenskap,[13] vrae oor die oorsprong van die heelal en die aard van die goddelike, en ander metafisiese kwessies.[14]

Sommge van die verse word steeds tydens Hindoevierings van deurgangsrites (soos troues) en gebede opgesê, wat dit waarskynlik die wêreld se oudste godsdiensgeskrif maak wat aaneen gebruik is.[15][16]

Verwysings

  1. Michael Witzel (1997), The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu, Harvard University, in Witzel 1997, pp. 259 –264
  2. Antonio de Nicholas (2003), Meditations Through the Rig Veda: Four-Dimensional Man, ISBN 978-0-595-26925-9, p. 273
  3. Stephanie W. Jamison; Joel Brereton (2014). The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-972078-1.
  4. Edwin F. Bryant (2015). The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 565–566. ISBN 978-1-4299-9598-6.
  5. Wood, Michael (2007), The Story of India Hardcover, BBC Worldwide, ISBN 978-0-563-53915-5 
  6. Hexam, Irving (2011), Understanding World Religions: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, ISBN 978-0-310-31448-6 
  7. Dwyer, Rachel (2013), What Do Hindus Believe?, Granta Books, ISBN 978-1-84708-940-3 
  8. Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press 
  9. Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World, Princeton University Press 
  10. Lucas F. Johnston, Whitney Bauman (2014). Science and Religion: One Planet, Many Possibilities. Routledge. p. 179.
  11. Werner, Karel (1994). A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism. Curzon Press. ISBN 0-7007-1049-3.
  12. 12,0 12,1 Stephanie Jamison en Joel Brereton (2014), The Rigveda : the earliest religious poetry of India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4, ble. 4, 7-9
  13. C Chatterjee (1995), Values in the Indian Ethos: An Overview[dooie skakel], Journal of Human Values, Vol 1, No 1, ble. 3-12
  14. Antonio de Nicholas (2003), Meditations Through the Rig Veda: Four-Dimensional Man, ISBN 978-0-595-26925-9, pp. 64 –69;
    Jan Gonda, A History of Indian Literature: Veda and Upanishads, Volume 1, Part 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3-447-01603-2, ble. 134-135;
  15. Klaus Klostermaier (1984). Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-88920-158-3.
  16. Lester Kurtz (2015), Gods in the Global Village, SAGE Publications, ISBN 978-1-4833-7412-3, bl. 64

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Rigveda
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