1951 - Wikiwand

1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1951st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 951st year of the 2nd millennium, the 51st year of the 20th century, and the 2nd year of the 1950s decade.

Clockwise from top-left: the Treaty of Paris establishes the European Coal and Steel Community, a precursor to the European Union; Shigeru Yoshida, Prime Minister of Japan signing the Treaty of San Francisco; Ships in Wellington harbour during the 1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute; The Sakuragichō train is on fire; The Rosenbergs sentenced to death; Leading figures of the Nepali Congress in the 1951 Nepalese revolution; Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer; Destruction left in the wake of the 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington.

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1951 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1951 MCMLI
Ab urbe condita	2704
Armenian calendar	1400 ԹՎ ՌՆ
Assyrian calendar	6701
Baháʼí calendar	107–108
Balinese saka calendar	1872–1873
Bengali calendar	1357–1358
Berber calendar	2901
British Regnal year	15 Geo. 6 – 16 Geo. 6
Buddhist calendar	2495
Burmese calendar	1313
Byzantine calendar	7459–7460
Chinese calendar	庚寅年 (Metal Tiger) 4648 or 4441 — to — 辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit) 4649 or 4442
Coptic calendar	1667–1668
Discordian calendar	3117
Ethiopian calendar	1943–1944
Hebrew calendar	5711–5712
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	2007–2008
- Shaka Samvat	1872–1873
- Kali Yuga	5051–5052
Holocene calendar	11951
Igbo calendar	951–952
Iranian calendar	1329–1330
Islamic calendar	1370–1371
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 26 (昭和２６年)
Javanese calendar	1882–1883
Juche calendar	40
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4284
Minguo calendar	ROC 40 民國40年
Nanakshahi calendar	483
Thai solar calendar	2494
Tibetan calendar	阳金虎年 (male Iron-Tiger) 2077 or 1696 or 924 — to — 阴金兔年 (female Iron-Rabbit) 2078 or 1697 or 925

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Events

January

January 4 – Korean War: Third Battle of Seoul – Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul for the second time (having lost the Second Battle of Seoul in September 1950).
January 9 – The Government of the United Kingdom announces abandonment of the Tanganyika groundnut scheme for the cultivation of peanuts in the Tanganyika Territory, with the writing off of £36.5M debt.^[1]
January 11 – In the U.S., a top secret report is delivered to U.S. President Truman by his National Security Resources Board, urging Truman to expand the Korean War by launching "a global offensive against communism" with sustained bombing of Red China and diplomatic moves to establish "moral justification" for a U.S. nuclear attack on the Soviet Union. The report will not not be declassified until 1978.^[2]
January 15 – In a criminal court in West Germany, Ilse Koch, The "Witch of Buchenwald", wife of the commandant of the Buchenwald concentration camp, is sentenced to life imprisonment.^[3]
January 20 – Winter of Terror: Avalanches in the Alps kill 240 and bury 45,000 for a time, in Switzerland, Austria and Italy.
January 21 – Mount Lamington in Papua New Guinea erupts catastrophically, killing nearly 3,000 people and causing great devastation in Oro Province.^[4]
January 25 – Dutch author Anne de Vries releases the first volume of his children's novel Journey Through the Night (Reis door de nacht), set during World War II.

February

February – The Convention People's Party wins national elections in Gold Coast (British colony).
February 1–2 – The 1951 Nepalese revolution leads to agreement for a democratic constitution.
February 1 – The United Nations General Assembly declares that China is an aggressor in the Korean War, in United Nations General Assembly Resolution 498.
February 6 – Woodbridge train wreck: A Pennsylvania Railroad passenger train derails near Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, killing 85 people and injuring over 500, in one of the worst rail disasters in American history.
February 12
- The seven-nation Commonwealth Consultative Committee meets to discuss the Colombo Plan for south and south-east Asia.^[5]
- Muhammad Reza Shah marries Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari.
February 19 – Jean Lee becomes the last woman hanged in Australia, when she and her two pimps are hanged for the murder and torture of a 73-year-old bookmaker.
February 25 – The first Pan American Games open in Buenos Aires.
February 27 – The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, limiting Presidents to two terms, is ratified.

March

March 6 – The trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg for conspiracy to commit espionage begins in the United States.
March 14
- Korean War: Operation Ripper – For the second time, United Nations troops recapture Seoul.
- West Germany joins UNESCO.
March 29
- Second Red Scare: In the United States, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage. On April 5 they are sentenced to death.
- Rodgers and Hammerstein's The King and I opens on Broadway, and runs for three years. It is the first of their musicals specifically written for an actress (Gertrude Lawrence). Lawrence is stricken with cancer during the run of the show, and dies halfway through its run a year later. The show makes a star of Yul Brynner.
- The 23rd Academy Awards Ceremony is held; All About Eve wins the Best Picture award and five others.
March 31 – Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer to the United States Census Bureau.

April

April 11
- U.S. President Harry S. Truman relieves General Douglas MacArthur of his Far Eastern commands.
- After its clandestine removal from Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day, 1950, the Stone of Scone resurfaces at Arbroath Abbey in Scotland.
April 18 – The Treaty of Paris (1951) is adopted, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community.
April 21 – The National Olympic Committee of the Soviet Union is formed. The USSR will first participate in the Olympic Games at Helsinki, Finland, in 1952.
April 24 – Sakuragichō train fire: in Yokohama, Japan, a fire on a train kills more than 100.
April 28 – 1951 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a decreased majority, defeating the Labor Party, led by former Prime Minister Ben Chifley. Chifley dies a little over a month after the election; he will be replaced by his deputy H. V. Evatt.

May

May 1 – The opera house of Geneva, Switzerland is almost destroyed in a fire.
May 3
- King George VI opens the Festival of Britain in London, including the Royal Festival Hall.^[6]
- The U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services and U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations begin their closed door hearings into the dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur by U.S. President Harry S Truman.
May 8 – Operation Greenhouse: The first thermonuclear weapon is tested in the "George" test on Enewetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands by the United States.
May 15 – A military coup occurs in Bolivia.
May 23 – The Tibetan government signs the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet with the People's Republic of China.
May 24 – Operation Greenhouse: The first atomic bomb "boosted" by the inclusion of tritium is tested in the "Item" test on Enewetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands by the United States.
May 25–26 – British spies Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean leave the United Kingdom to defect to the Soviet Union.^[7]

June

June 7 – Nazi war criminal Otto Ohlendorf is hanged at Landsberg Prison, Bavaria.
June 14 – UNIVAC I is dedicated by the U.S. Census Bureau.^[8]
June 15–July 1 – In New Mexico, Arizona, California, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia, thousands of acres of forests are destroyed in fires.

July

July 4 – William Shockley of Bell Labs in the United States announces the invention jointly with John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of the grown-junction transistor.^[9] Also this year, General Electric and RCA develop the alloy-junction transistor.
July 10
- Korean War: Armistice negotiations begin at Kaesong.
- A formal peace agreement between Canada and Germany is signed.
July 13 – Vuoristorata, one of the oldest still-operating wooden roller coasters in Europe, is opened at the Linnanmäki amusement park in Helsinki, Finland.^[10]^[11]
July 16 – King Leopold III of Belgium abdicates in favour of his son Baudouin, who on July 17 takes the oath as king of Belgium.
July 20 – King Abdullah I of Jordan is assassinated by a Palestinian while attending Friday prayers in Jerusalem. He is succeeded by his son, King Talal.
July 22 – Soviet space dogs Dezik and Tsygan become the first to enter space, in a 15-minute sub-orbital spaceflight in an R-1 rocket, being safely parachuted back to earth.^[12]
July 23 – Marshal Philippe Pétain, former Prime Minister and Head of State of France, Chief of State of Vichy France during World War II, hero commander of World War I who led the French Army to victory at the nine-month-long Battle of Verdun, for which he was called "the Lion of Verdun", dies while serving a sentence of life-imprisonment on the island of Île-d'Yeu at 95 years old.
July 26 – The first birch bark manuscript is discovered in Novgorod.
July 28 – Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a multilateral treaty of the United Nations, is signed at a special conference in Geneva, defining the status of refugees and setting out the basis for granting right of asylum, coming into force on 22 April 1954.

August

August 11 – René Pleven becomes Prime Minister of France.
August 31 – The first Volkswagen Type 1 rolls off the production line in Uitenhage, South Africa.

September

September 1 – The United States, Australia and New Zealand all sign a mutual defense pact, the ANZUS Treaty.
September 2 – The Sri Lanka Freedom Party is founded by S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike.
September 8
- Treaty of San Francisco: In San Francisco, 48 representatives out of 51 attending sign a peace treaty with Japan, formally ending the Pacific War; the delegations of the Soviet Union, Poland and Czechoslovakia do not sign the treaty, instead favoring separate treaties.
- The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, which allows United States Armed Forces to be stationed in Japan even after the end of the occupation of Japan, is signed by Japan and the United States.
September 9 – Chinese Communist forces move into Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.
September 10 – The United Kingdom begins an economic boycott of Iran.
September 20 – NATO accepts Greece and Turkey as members.
September 26–28 – A blue sun is seen over Europe: the effect is due to ash coming from the Canadian forest fires 4 months previously.
September 30 – Charlotte Whitton becomes mayor of Ottawa and Canada's first woman mayor of a major city.

October

October 2 – Television in the Netherlands commences with the first broadcast from NTS; also television in Denmark from DR1.
October 3–8 – Korean War: First Battle of Maryang-san – United Nations (primarily Australian) forces drive back the Chinese.
October 6 – Malayan Emergency: Communist insurgents kill British commander Sir Henry Gurney.
October 14 – The Organization of Central American States (Organización de Estados Centroamericanos, ODECA) is formed.
October 15
- Norethisterone, the progestin used in the combined oral contraceptive pill, is synthesized by Luis E. Miramontes in Mexico.
- On television, the situation comedy I Love Lucy airs its first episode on CBS in the U.S.
October 16
- Judy Garland begins a series of concerts in New York's Palace Theatre.
- Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan of Pakistan is assassinated.
- East China Normal University is founded in Shanghai, China.
October 19 – The state of war between the United States and Germany is officially ended.
October 21 – A storm in southern Italy kills over 100.
October 24 – U.S. President Harry Truman declares an official end to war with Germany.
October 26 – Winston Churchill is re-elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (a month before his 77th birthday) in a general election which sees the defeat of Clement Attlee's Labour government, after 6 years in power.^[13]
October 27 – Farouk of Egypt declares himself king of Sudan, with no support.

November

November 1 – Desert Rock exercises, the first military exercises for nuclear war, with infantry troops included, are held in the Nevada desert.
November 2 – 6,000 British troops are flown into Egypt to quell unrest in the Suez Canal zone.^[14]
November 10 – Direct dial coast-to-coast telephone service begins in the United States.
November 11 – Juan Perón is re-elected president of Argentina.
November 12 – The National Ballet of Canada performs for the first time in Eaton Auditorium, Toronto.
November 20 – The Po River floods in northern Italy.
November 29 – LEO runs the world's first commercial computer program, bakery valuations, for J. Lyons and Co.'s tea shops in the U.K.

December

c. December – The Institute of War and Peace Studies is established by Dwight D. Eisenhower at Columbia University in New York (of which he is President) with William T. R. Fox as first director.^[15]
December 3 – Lebanese University is founded in Lebanon.
December 6 – A state of emergency is declared in Egypt, due to increasing riots.
December 13 – A water storage tank collapses in Tucumcari, New Mexico, United States, resulting in 4 deaths and 200 buildings destroyed.
December 17 – We Charge Genocide, a petition describing genocide against African Americans, is delivered to the United Nations.
December 20
- Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-1), the world's first (experimental) nuclear power plant, opens in Idaho, United States.
- A chartered Curtiss C-46 Commando crash-lands in Cobourg, Ontario Canada; all on board survive.
- The World Meteorological Organization becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations.
December 22 – The Selangor Labour Party is founded in Selangor, Malaya.
December 24
- Libya becomes independent from Italy; Idris I is proclaimed King.
- Gian Carlo Menotti's 45-minute opera, Amahl and the Night Visitors, premieres live on NBC in the United States, becoming the first opera written especially for television.
December 31 – The Marshall Plan expires, after distributing more than $13.3 billion US in foreign aid to rebuild Europe.^[16]

Unknown dates

IBM (United Kingdom) is formed.^[17]
An 18-year-old sailor is fined for kissing in public in Stockholm, Sweden. The law court calls his actions "obnoxious behavior repulsive to the public morals".^[17]
The continental United States becomes malaria-free.^[18]^[19]

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